1- Renal Anat, Phys & urine formation Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
urinary system 4 main component:
A
kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra
2
Q
Kidneys functions
A
produce urine Blood metabolic balance produce the hormones Produce the enzyme renin
3
Q
Hormones that are produced by kidney:
A
erythropoietin calcitriol prostaglandins
4
Q
Both kidneys located ______
A
retroperitoneally
5
Q
Left kidney level:
A
T11 - L2
6
Q
Right kidney level:
A
T12 - L3
7
Q
What goes through the kidney hilum
A
renal artery renal vein ureter
8
Q
the main functional unit of the kidney?
A
Nephron
9
Q
Nephron types:
A
Cortical nephron juxtaglomedullary
10
Q
Define Cortical nephron
A
Located mostly within the cortex, and have short length of the loop of Henle
11
Q
Define juxtaglomedullary
A
extend deep into the medulla and have long loop of Henle
12
Q
Movement of waste from blood to kidney is called
A
Filtration
13
Q
Filtration occurs in (be specific)
A
glomerulus
14
Q
Movement of material from kidney back to body
A
Reabsorption
15
Q
Movement from body straight to kidney
A
Secretion
16
Q
Secretion occurs in
A
proximal convoluted
tubule loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
17
Q
Excretion occurs in
A
collecting duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
18
Q
20-25% of the blood leaving the left ventricle of the heart enters the kidneys via _____
A
renal arteries
19
Q
Blood passes through the kidneys at a rate of
A
1200 ml/min, or 600 ml/min/kidney.
20
Q
Afferent arterioles carry blood to the ____
A
capillary tuft
21
Q
capillary tuft aka
A
glomerulus
22
Q
Efferent arterioles that contain _________
A
blood that was not filtered
23
Q
Efferent arterioles blood come from
A
the peritubular capillaries in the cortex Vasa recta in the medulla
24
Q
The glomerulus is located between
A
two arterioles (Bowman’s capsule)
25
he outer (parietal) layer of Bowman’s capsule is composed of
squamous epithelium (parietal epithelial cells)
26
he inside (visceral) layer of Bowman’s capsule is composed of
specialized cells "podocytes" (visceral epithelial cells)
27
space between the outer portion of the capsule and visceral portion of the capsule
Bowman's space
28
The filtrate of the blood pools in
Bowman's space
29
Glomerular Filtration rate
90-120 ml/min
30
90-120 ml/min, or one-fifth of the renal plasma, is filtered through the glomeruli forming the \_\_\_\_\_
ultrafiltrate
31
GFR estimates how much \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
blood passes through glomeruli each minute
32
GFR test aka
Clearance test
33
GFR test (clearance test) measures how well the kidneys are filtering _______ (compound)
creatinine
34
Def: a waste product of creatine phosphate breakdown in muscles
creatinine
35
GFR test (clearance test) requires the collection of:
a 24 hour urine sample
blood sample
36
Define: substances which are almost completely reabsorbed by the renal tubules when their concentration in the plasma is within normal limits
Threshold substances
37
Glucose appears in the urine when plasma concentration exceeds about
160 to 180 mg/dl
38
Tubular Function (proximal tubules) absorption
- amino acids, proteins (100%)
- glucose (100%)
- HCO3¯ (90%)
- K⁺, NaCl, Ca (65%)
- H2O (65%)
39
Which substence that doesn't get reabsorbed
creatinine
40
Tubular Function (proximal tubules) secretions
- uric acid
- organic acids (antibiotics)
- creatinine
- hydrogen ion
41
Tubular Function (loop of Henle): REABSORPES
- H2O
- NaCl (25%)
- Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺
42
Tubular Function (loop of Henle): SECRETES
- hydrogen ion
- ammonia
43
Descending limb of the loop of Henle properties
permeable to water No reabsorption of solutes
44
Ascending limb of the loop of Henle properties
impermeable to water
hydrogen ion and ammonia are secreted
active reabsorption of solute
45
Fluid leaving the loop of Henle has a (Higher/lower) osmolality than plasma
Lower
46
Fluid leaving the loop of Henle has a lower osmolality than plasma because of
lost sodium chloride
47
Tubular Function (distal tubules) REABSORPES
- NaCl (5%)
- H2O
- Ca⁺⁺
48
Tubular Function (distal tubules) SECRETES
- K⁺
- H⁺
- urea
49
Tubular Function (collecting ducts): REABSORPES
- urea
- NaCl (5%)
- H2O
50
Tubular Function (collecting ducts) EXCRETE
- H2O
- NaCl
- K⁺
- HCO3¯
- creatinine
51
About \_\_\_\_% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the time it reaches the distal tubule
90
52
blood pH range
7.35 to 7.45
53
Maintaining the pH regulated by
lungs and kidneys
54
A region of tissue found in each nephron in the kidney regulates blood pressure, body fluid and electrolytes.
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
55
JGA is a microscopic structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each \_\_\_\_\_
nephron
56
The three cellular components of JGA :
the macula densa
juxtaglomerular cells
mesangial cells
57
macula densa is located at
the distal convoluted tubule
58
smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole known as
juxtaglomerular cells
59
juxtaglomerular cells produce and secrete
renin
60
mesangial cells secrete
erythropoietin
61
Renin is secreted and reacts with the precursor \_\_\_\_
angiotensinogen in the blood
62
Renin convert angiotensinogen into
angiotensin I
63
Angiotensin I passes through the
Lungs
64
Angiotensin I interacts with which enzyme
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
65
ACE converts Angiotensin I to
angiotensin II
66
Angiotensin II function
vasoconstriction
trigger aldosterone
trigger antidiuretic hormone
67
aldosterone is secreted by
adrenal glands
68
aldosterone increases ______ reabsorption
sodium
69
antidiuretic hormone aka
vasopressin
70
antidiuretic hormone is secreted by
posterior pituitary gland
71
Aldosterone is secreted by
adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)
72
Aldosterone effect on blood sodium
increases blood sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules
73
Aldosterone effect on BP
raises blood pressure
74
Aldosterone enhances potassium/sodium ions in the _______ of nephrons
distal tubules
75
Insufficient ADH results in
diabetes insipidus (DI)
76
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion AKA
SIADH-syndrome
77
SIADH-syndrome Is characterized by
excessive release of ADH
continued secretion of ADH in spite of plasma
hypotonicity normal or expandedplasma volume
78
80% of this syndrome is caused by
small cell lung carcinoma
79
small cell lung carcinoma aka
oat cell carcinoma
80
SIADH-syndrome May result from complication of
Brain injury
tumor growth
certain medications
81
SIADH-syndrome results in
high plasma volume
low serum osmolarity
low plasma sodium (hyponatremia)
high urine osmolarity
higher than normal urine sodium
82
In general, increased ADH causes water retention without
extracellular fluid volume expansion and without edema or hypertension
83
When hyponatremia is severe, symptoms of\_\_\_\_\_\_ become prominent
cerebral edema
84
cerebral edema symptoms
irritability
confusion
seizures
coma
85
Excreted as urine average
1 ml/min
86
Dehydration reduces urine production to
0.3 ml/min
87
Excessive hydration increases urine production to
15 ml/min
88
Average adult urine daily volume of urine
1200-1500 ml
89
More urine is produced during (day/night)
day
90
Normal total urine range may be from
600-2000 ml/24 hr
91
Def: is an abnormal increase in the volume of urine hours)
Polyuria
92
Polyuria is found in pt's with
diabetes insipidus
diabetes mellitus
93
Polyuria frequncy (ml/day)
2500 ml and \> per 24
94
Def: is a decrease in urinary volume
Oliguria
95
Oliguria occurs in Pt's with
shock and acute glomerulonephritis
96
In an adult Oliguria frequently defined as being (ml/day)
\< 400 ml/24 hr
97
Def: designates the complete suppression of urine formation
Anuria
98
Anuria defined as being (ml/day)
\< 75 ml/24 h during 2 to 3 consecutive days
99
In 24 hours the body excretes Approximately ____ g of dissolved material
60g
100
half of excreted dissolved material is
urea
101
abnormal compounds/elements in urine
Bilirubin
Blood
Glucose
Ketone bodies
Porphyrins
Protein
102
sediment Final Urine Composition
Cells Crystals Casts
103
renal disorders that help in diagnosing
cystitis nephritis
104
cystitis is the inflammation of
bladder
105
nephritis is the inflammation of
kidney
106
nephritis with bacterial infection is called
pyelonephritis
107
nephritis without bacterial infection is called
glomerulonephritis
