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Renal Exam 1 > (1) Renal Anatomy and Histology (Brauer) > Flashcards

(1) Renal Anatomy and Histology (Brauer) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary Bladder

Urethra

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2
Q

What structures make up the urinary tract?

A

Ureters

Urinary Bladder

Urethra

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3
Q

Describe the location of the kidneys

A

Retroperitoneal

T12-L3 levels

Lower on right (*liver pushes down)

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4
Q

What is the name of the IMPORTANT plane on the posterior aspect of the kidneys?

A

Transpyloric plane

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5
Q

Kidneys are partially protected posteriorly by?

A

11th and 12th ribs

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6
Q

Renal Fat

What is perinephric fat?

A

Adjacent kidney capsule, extends into renal hilum and pelvis

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7
Q

Renal Fat

What is renal fascia?

A

Covers fat enveloping kidney and suprarenal gland

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8
Q

Renal Fat

What is paranephric fat?

A

External to renal fascia

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9
Q

Label the:

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Papilla of pyramid

Major Calyx

Renal Pelvis

Minor Calyx

Ureter

Renal pyramid

Renal Column

A
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10
Q

Label the:

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Papilla of pyramid

Major Calyx

Renal Pelvis

Minor Calyx

Ureter

Renal pyramid

Renal Column

A
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11
Q

Starting at the AORTA, write out the progression of the blood supply to the kidney

A
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12
Q

Sympathetic innervation to the kidneys is provided by…

A

Lesser splanchnic (T10-11)

Least splanchnic (T12)

Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)

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13
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to the kidneys is provided by…

A

Vagus n.

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14
Q

What is considered the urine carrying unit?

A

the NEPHRON

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15
Q

Label the renal tubular structures

A
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16
Q

What are the arrows pointing to?

A

Medullary Rays

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17
Q

Where are renal corpuscles located?

A

CORTEX

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18
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A

Glomerulus

Glomerular Capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

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19
Q

What is the specialized cell type that is in the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule?

A

Podocytes

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20
Q

What are the poles of the renal corpuscles?

A

Vascular pole (afferent and efferent arteriole)

Urinary pole (origin of PCT)

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21
Q

Describe the composition of the glomerular endothelium

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A

Has PORES

Thick luminal glycocalyx (-) charged

Possess large numbers of aquaporin water channels

22
Q

Label the diagram of Bowman’s Capsular Space

23
Q

Label the diagram of the filtration membrane

24
Q

What is albuminia indicative of?

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A

Urine albumin indicative of damaged glomerular basement membrane

25
What are **mesangial cells?** Function?
Cells that support **glomerular loops** and **extracellular matrix of podocytes** PHAGOCYTIC Can regulate GFR Secrete growth factors in response to injury Proliferate in certain kidney diseases
26
All tubules within the nephron are ______ epithelium
SIMPLE!!! One layer thick
27
Describe the defining characteristics of **proximal convoluted tubules:**
Most **abundant** tubule Found in r**enal cortex** Most active tubule in **resorption** and **secretion** Abundant **microvilli & mitochondria**
28
Purpose of **loop of henle?**
Set up **hyperosmotic gradient** as it descends into the **medulla** and back up into the **cortex**
29
Distal convoluted tubules are influenced by ____________ to regulate Na+ resorption
Angiotensin II
30
Function of the **collecting ducts?**
Receive **primitive urine** from several nephrons MOSTLY functions in **water reabsorption**
31
Collecting tubules/ducts are the targets of ____ and __________ theyby increasing Na+ reabsorption and water retention
ADH Aldosterone
32
What are the two basic cell types of the **collecting tubules/ducts?**
1. Light cells 2. Dark cells
33
Functions of light and dark cells in collecting tubules/ducts?
Light cells | Principal cells, target of **aldosterone** Dark cells | Intercalated cells, involved in H+ and bicarbonate transport
34
Types of Capillary Beds Describe: Glomerulus
Fed by **afferent** arterioles Drained by **efferent** arterioles
35
Types of Capillary Beds Describe: Peritubular capillaries
Arise from **efferent** arterioles SURROUND convoluted tubles Lined with fenestrated endothelium \*\*\*Function= reuptake of H2O and salts
36
Types of Capillary Beds Describe: Vasa Recta
Arise from **efferent** arterioles of **juxtamedullary glomeruli** Descending lined with **continuous** endothelium Ascending lined with **fenestrated** endothelium Runs along-side loop of henle
37
What cells secrete **renin?** When is it secreted?
Juxtaglomerular cells When BP drops too low
38
What is contained in the **juxtaglomerular apparatus?**
Juxtaglomerular cells Macula Densa
39
Function of **macula densa?**
Chemoreceptor Monitors Na+ Signals release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells if Na+ is low
40
What is the specialized epithelium that lines the **urinary tract?**
Transitional epithelium
41
What are the 3 layers of **transitional epithelium (urothelium)?**
Superficial-stretched and relaxed Intermediate sliding layer Basal stem cells
42
What are the specialized units that contribute to the changing states of the **transitional epithelium?**
**Fusiform vesicles (FV)** Fuse with plasma membrane when cells is distended, Endocytosed when non distended
43
How does the **transitional epithelium** ensure that it doesn't allow the urine to leak out?
**Uroplakin proteins/ Urothelial plaques** create an impermeable barrier
44
What is this structure?
Ureter
45
Urinary Bladder What is the **trigone?**
Inferior/posterior wall where ureters and urethra open
46
Label the bladder
47
How does the epithelium transition in the urethra? (From proximal to distal)
Transitional epithelium --\> Pseudostratified columnar --\> Stratified squamous epithelium (at distal end)
48
The Female Urethra Which sphincter is under voluntary control? Which sphincter is under involuntary control?
Internal urethral sphincter = **involuntary** External urethral sphincter = **voluntary**
49
The Female Urethra Aprox. how long is it?
3-5 cm VERY SHORT Easy to aquire infections
50
Male/Female Urethra What is the name of the structure that passes through the urogenital diaphragm?
Membranous urethra
51
Male Urethra What is the additional structure?
Prostatic Urethra
52
What is this?!
**Polycystic Kidney Disease** Autosomal dominant (1:500 in USA) Cysts form that crush tissue and impede drainage Dialysis and kidney transplant only major options

Renal Exam 1 (8 decks)

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