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LAM II > 1. Ruminant Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

1. Ruminant Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Four regions of the ruminant stomach

A

Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum

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2
Q

In the newborn calf, the large _______ is more important for milk digestion, rather than fermentation.

A

Abomasum

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3
Q

In the 5 year old cow, the rumen is large and occupies the entire ____ side of the abdomen, pushing the liver _____.

A

Left

Cranially

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4
Q

In a 6 year old heavily pregnant cow, the uterus displaces the rumen ______ and the abomasum ______.

A

Dorsally

Cranially

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5
Q

Allows the suckling calves to bypass to the abomasum

A

Esophageal groove

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6
Q

Condition in which the esophageal groove is not in place, allowing milk to enter the rumen

A

Rumen putrefaction

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7
Q

The rumen becomes functional once _____ is introduced.

A

Grain

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8
Q

Three main functional components of the rumen

A

Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi

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9
Q

Only visible via electron microscope, they digest cellulose

A

Bacteria

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10
Q

Visible as small, medium, or large, they control the bacterial population

A

Protozoa

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11
Q

Usually present in a small amount, they aid bacteria with cellulose digestion

A

Fungi

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12
Q

Region of the ruminant stomach that acts as the hydration place, pulling out all of the water

A

Omasum

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13
Q

Region of the ruminant stomach that is the “true” stomach

A

Abomasum

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14
Q

Pressure over each area of the rumen can help determine ________ and _____ of the rumen contents

A

Consistency and fill

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15
Q

What three things can we determine from rumen auscultation?

A
  • Rate and strength of rumen contractions
  • Rumen volume
  • Nature of rumen contents
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16
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, another name for the primary cycle is _______

A

Mixing cycle

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17
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, another name for the secondary cycle is _______

A

Eructation

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18
Q

What does the frequency of primary contractions indicate?

A

The overall health of the ruminant

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19
Q

How is strength of the primary cycle determined?

A

By observing movement and loudness of sounds

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20
Q

Complete absence of reticuloruminal motility

A

Atony

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21
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, during atony, there is an absence of ______ inputs or an increase in ______ inputs to the gastric center of the hypothalamus

A

Excitatory Inhibitory

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22
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, during atony, there is direct _______ of the gastric center

A

Depression

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23
Q

With regards to reticuloruminal motility, during atony, there is failure of the ______ or _______ pathways

A

Vagal (nerve lesion) or motor

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24
Q

Reduction in frequency OR strength of primary contraction

A

Hypomotility

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25
With regards to reticuloruminal motility, during hypomotility, there is a reduction in _______ drive to the gastric center
Excitatory
26
With regards to reticuloruminal motility, during hypomotility, there is an increase in ______ inputs
Inhibitory
27
With regards to reticuloruminal motility, during hypomotility, there is weakness of the _____ pathway
Motor
28
The _____ cycle is necessary to prevent bloat
Secondary/Eructation
29
In order for the secondary cycle to occur, the ____ \_\_\_\_ must reach the cardia. If the cardia is in contact with foam or fluid, it will remain firmly shut.
Gas cap
30
Allows further breakdown of food and addition of large quantities of saliva (buffer)
Rumination
31
Stratification of Ingesta
1. Gas cap 2. Fibrous Mat 3. Light liquid layer 4. Dense liquid layer
32
What should the caudal aspect of the rumen be assessed for via internal ruminal palpation?
Volume and Consistency
33
5 qualities evaluated when examining feces
Amount Color Odor Consistency Degree of digestion
34
Decreased amount of feces could be due to which two things?
Functional obstruction Decreased feed intake
35
The color of feces is influennced by composition of diet, but may also reflect what?
Mean or undigested blood
36
An abnormal odor to feces may indicate?
Abnormal fermentation
37
Fecal consistency is associated with
Hydration status and Transit time of ingest
38
Large fibers in feces indicates
Rapid turnover
39
Fine plant particles in feces indicates
Prolonged rumen turnover
40
Numerous corn kernels in feces indicates
Excessive grain consumption
41
What are the two methods for collecting rumen fluid and which is more accurate?
Ororuminal collection Rumenocentesis (More accurate)
42
Why should rumen fluid samples be evaluated directly after collection?
To minimize coooling and air exposure on protozoal activity
43
Physical characteristics evaluated when examining ruminal fluid (4)
1. Color 2. Consistency 3. Odor 4. Sedimentation activity test
44
Chemical characteristics evaluated when examining ruminal fluid (5)
1. pH 2. Cellulose digestion test 3. Glucose fermentation test 4. Nitrate reduction test 5. Rumen fluid chloride
45
Two types of microscopical exams when examining ruminal fluid
Quantitative and Qualitative
46
Normal rumen fluid color if eating hay
Olive to brownish green
47
Normal rumen fluid color if eating grain or silage ration
Yellowish brown
48
Abnormal rumen fluid color, black/green, indicates
Ruminal stasis
49
Abnormal rumen fluid color, milky gray/brown, indicates
Lactic acidosis
50
Normal rumen fluid consistency
Slightly viscous
51
Abnormal rumen fluid that appears watery indicates
Anorexia
52
Abnormal rumen fluid that contains excess froth indicates
Frothy bloat or vagus indigestion
53
An abnormally acidic rumen fluid odor indicates
Lactic acidosis
54
A rotting rumen fluid odor indicates
Rumen putrefaction
55
When performing a sedimentation activity test to evaluate microfloral activity in rumen fluid, sedimentation should occur within
4-8 minutes
56
On sedimentation activity test, if no sedimentation or floatation occurs, it indicates
Frothy blot or Vagus indigestion
57
On sedimentation activity test, if sedimentation occurs very rapidly (\<3 mins), it indicates
Inactive microflora = Ruminal acidosis
58
Normal rumen fluid pH if grass fed
6-7
59
Normal rumen fluid pH if on TMR
5.5 -6
60
pH\<5.5 indicates
Lactic acidosis
61
Test done on rumen fluid for anaerobic fermentation
Methylene blue reduction test
62
Test done for digestion of fibers
Cellulose digestion test
63
Test done for digestion of CHOs
Glucose fermentation test
64
Test done for digestion of protein
Nitrate reduction test
65
Normal time range for Methylene blue reduction
2-6 minutes
66
A methylene blue reduction test of \> __ mins is inadequate and therefore ______ is indicated
\>10 mins Transfaunation
67
Measured in a supernatant of a centrifuged sample, a rumen fluid chloride \>30 mEq/L is elevated, indicating
Abomasal Disease Abomasal Reflux Obstruction of intestinal flow
68
Percussion and Auscultation of the abomasum is done when we suspect ______ and we listen for a \_\_\_\_\_\_
A displaced abomasum High pitched tympanic resonance (ping)
69
Abdominocentesis of a displaced abomasum
Liptak Test
70
Which displaced abomasum will definitely have changes seen on blood work: Left or Right?
Right Displaced Abomasum (often involves a volvulus)

LAM II (2 decks)

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