1, Sem 2 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Percentages of active tissue
A
3% mass
13% cardiac output
18% oxygen utilisation
2
Q
How many spinal nerves
A
31 pairs
3
Q
Branches of autonomic NS
A
Parasympathetic- rest and digesT
Sympathetic - fight or flight
Enteric- gastrointestinal
4
Q
Difference between autonomic and somatic
A
Autonomic- involuntary
Somatic- voluntary and reflexes
5
Q
What division connects Motor and sensory
A
Integrative
6
Q
How many neurons in brain
A
100 billion
7
Q
Functions of glia
A
Metabolic support
Physical support
Electrical insulation
Aid neurons
8
Q
How is information carried within and between neurons
A
Within- electrical signals
Between- chemical signals
9
Q
Name and number the 5 primary sections of the vertebral column
A
Cervical- 7 Thoracic -12 Lumbar- 5 Sacrum-5 Coccyx- 9
10
Q
What are the holes in spinal vertebrae called
A
Vertebral foramina
11
Q
Name the plexus’ and their locations
A
Cervical -C1-C4
Brachial - C4- T1
Lumbar - T12- L4
Sacral L4-S4
12
Q
Where does each plexus supply
A
Brachial- hands, arms, shoulders, chest
Lumbar- pelvis and hip
Sacral- pelvis and lower extremities
13
Q
What is the name of the place where the spinal cord tapers
A
Conus medullaris
14
Q
Where does spinal cord extend to?
A
Medulla oblongata to 2nd Lumbar vertebrae
15
Q
What is Dave?
A
D- dorsal
A- afferent
V- ventral
E- efferent
16
Q
What is the name of the horse tail shaped extension
A
Cauda equina
17
Q
Describe the columns of white matter in spinal column
A
Posterior
Lateral
Anterior
18
Q
3 direction fibres in spinal cord
A
Ascending
Descending
Commisural (transverse)
19
Q
What is an OLOL and give an example
A
Beta blocker- propronolol
20
Q
What is a CAINE and give an example
A
Anaesthetic- Cocaine
21
Q
What is a STATIN give an example
A
Lipid lowering- pravastatin
22
Q
What is a PRIL and give an example
A
ACE inhibitor - captopril
23
Q
What is an ARTIN and give an example
A
Angiotensin 11 receptor antagonist- Losartin
24
Q
What is an AZOLE and give example
A
Proton pump inhibitor- lanzoprazole
25
Name the 4 types of regulatory proteins that are a target to drugs
Enzymes
Receptors
Carrier molecules
Ion channels
26
What is efficacy
Ability of a molecule to activate signalling for the target
27
Name the lifecycle of a drug
Absorption- many routes eg oral, rectal, injection
It is the passage of drug from site of administration to the plasma
Distribution- lipid insoluble remains in plasma and lipid soluble can enter all compartments
Metabolism- phase 1: oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis, activates drug .Phase 2: inactivates the drug and increases hydrophilicity
Excretion- by kidneys, however some drugs bind to plasma (warfarin) and not all plasma is filtered
28
What’s the term called for hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails?
Amphipathic
29
What do sensory receptors do?
Detect stimuli, modify nerve endings, convert signals into electrical signals- eg sound
30
What are graded potentials
Information is received from dendrites, this created graded potential which dissipates
31
What is an action potential?
Generated when depolarisation reaches the threshold- sent down axon. They jump between nodes of ranvier
32
What are A,B&C fibres
A- largest, myelinated
| C- smallest, unmyelinated
33
What is exocytosis and endocytosis?
Exocytosis- the vacuoles fuse with cell membrane and release neurotransmitter
Endocytosis- invagination of vacuole with postsynaptic neurons membrane to form vesicles
34
How many fibres on average does one motor neurons innervate
150 fibres
35
What is a neuromuscular junction?
Chemical synapse between Motor neurons and muscle muscle fibre
36
Describe the process of muscles working
Depolarisation causes calcium channels to open. Calcium binds to troponin. This changes the shape of troponin-tropomyosin compound. Clearing myosin binding site on actin
37
3 parts of brain stem
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
38
What does the medulla oblongata do
- contains all ascending and descending pathways
- some masses of grey matter
- medullary rhythmicity area- basic rhythm of breathing
- transmits motor output to CN V111- CNX11
39
What are the two areas of the pons called
Pneumotaxic
| Apneustic
40
What does pons do
- Masses of grey matter to regulate function
- Transverse axons to connect left and right cerebellum
- longitudinal tracts part of ascending and descending pathways
- nuclei associated with CNV- CNV111
41
What is the upper pons’ job?
Coordinate transition between inhalation and exhilation- inhibits inhalation area (stops over inflation of lungs)
42
What is the job of the lower pons
Sends impulses to inspiratory area ( prolongs inhilation)
| Overriden by pneumotaxic area
43
How does breathing work?
Originated in brain stem
Neural impulses through phrenic and intercostal nerves. Cause diaphragm and intercostal muscle to contact.
Other nerves innervate accessory muscles eg larynx, to synchronise
44
What does the cerebral cortex respiratory centre do?
Voluntary control- for protection eg not inhaling under water
Emotional state can also influence breathing (limbic system and hypothalamus)
45
What does the midbrain contain
Grey and white matter
Tracts called cerebral peduncles
2x superior colliculi
2x inferior colliculi
46
What do the superior and inferior colliculi do?
Superior- movement of eyes head and neck in response to visual stimuli
Inferior- movement of head and neck in response to auditory stimuli
47
What is the sensory function of the midbrain?
Alerts cerebral cortex of incoming sensory signals via reticular activating signals- eg alarm clock
48
4 parts to the diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
49
Describe the thalamus
Pair of oval masses
Relay station for sensory impulses that reach cortex
Voluntary motor control, emotions etc
50
Describe the hypothalamus
Under thalamus
Control of autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
Mammillary bodies- sense of smell
Infundibulum- connect pituitary to hypothalamus
Regulates emotion, behaviour, body temp etc
51
What does the epithalamus consist of?
Pineal gland
| Habenular nuclei
52
What does the pineal gland do?
Secretes melatonin
53
What does habenular nuclei do?
Role in sense of smell
54
What separates two hemispheres of cerebellum?
Falx cerebri
55
Which lobe of the cerebellum controls balance?
Flocculonodular
56
What are the ridges in the cerebellum called?
Folia
57
What 3 things connect the cerebellum to the brain stem?
Inferior
Middle
Superior peduncles
58
What does the cerebellum do?
Evaluated how well movements are executed
| Detects discrepancies and sends feedback signals to correct
59
What connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum?
Corpus collosum
60
What is the basal ganglia?
Deep extension of grey matter
61
What does the lateral fissure separate?
Temporal from frontal and parietal
62
What does the central sulcus separate
Frontal and parietal
63
What does the occipital love do?
Processing visual input
64
What does the frontal lobe do?
Cognitive functions (eg memory) and control of voluntary movement
65
What does the parietal lobe do?
Processing somatosensory information
66
What does the temporal lobe do?
Processing info ( visual memory, auditory)
67
3 fibre directions of white matter in brain
Association- same hemisphere
Commissural- between hemispheres
Projection- from cerebrum to other parts of body
68
Describe the ventricle system
2 lateral ventricles
3rd and 4th ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
It produces and circulations cerebrospinal fluid
69
Describe the layers of meninges
Dura mater- 2 layers, top one fused with skull
Arachnoid- spiderweb like collagen tissues
Pia mater- adheres to surface of brain
70
Describe the limbic system
Encircles upper part of brain stem
Primary role in emotions, supports behaviour, motivation etc
Hippocampus is part of this
71
Describe the regulatory centres in the cardiovascular system
Blood pressure- baroreceptors
Oxygen tension-
Respiratory gas level centres
72
What is the percentage of blood supplied by each artery in the Cerebrovascular system
Carotid artery- 80%
| Vertebral arteries- 20%
73
Name the 4 mechanisms of brain injury
Stroke
Contusion
Increased intercranial pressure
Diffuse axonal injury
74
What is a contusion?
Cell death accompanied by haemorrhage
75
What is increased intercranial pressure
Brain+blood+CSF increase
Effects- widening and flattening gyri
Expansion of brain tissue into ventricles
76
What is diffuse axonal injury?
1/2 TBI’s
Shearing of axons
Causes unconsciousness
77
What are the two types of stroke and how common are each
Ischaemic- 83%
Decreased oxygen to brain tissue
Haemorrhagic- 17%
Decreased oxygen due to blood on the brain
78
What is the ischaemic core?
Area most affected by ischaemic event
79
Some causes of epilepsy?
Unknown (idiopathic)
Brain injury
Electrolyte imbalance
80
Another name of tonic clonic seizures
Grand mal
81
Another name for absence seizures
Petit mal
82
What neurotransmitter do seizures release?
Glutomate
83
What does the circle of Willis encircle?
Optic chiasm
84
What is the precentral gyrus responsible for?
Initiation of voluntary movement
85
What is the postcentral gyrus reaponsible for?
Sensory counterpart to motor strip
86
What is located within the temporal lobe
Heschls gyrus
| Wernickes area
87
Where is Broca’s areas
BA- 44+45
88
What does Broca’s area do?
Voluntary movement of muscles of speech controlled by pyramidal system
89
Name the three components of the pyramidal system
Corticospinal tract- mvmt in limbs hands and fingers
Corticonuclear tract- controls cranial nerves
Corticopontine tract - connects to pontine nuclei
90
Where are the upper motor neurons
Neuraxis (brain, spinal cord and brain stem)
91
What is the job of lower motor neurons
Into peripheral nerve
| Final route for complex motor interactions that occur above the lower motor neurons
92
What do the corticonuclear tracts do?
Innervate cranial nerves for speech
| Voluntary pathway for all speech muscles
93
What broadmanns area is the supramarginal gyrus
40
94
2 divisions of Broca’s area
Anterior+ ventral- semantic processing
| Posterior- syntactic+phonological processing
95
What is the primary function of heschls gyrus
Primary auditory cortex
96
What broadmanns area is heachls gyrus
41&42
97
What is wernickes area associated with
Language recognition and interpretation
98
What is the name of the association tract
Arcuate fasciculus
99
Describe the pathway of arcuate fasciculus
Leaves heschls gyrus and wernickes area
Arches around angular and submarginal gyrus
Through parietal operculum
Along longitudinal fasciculus and end in Broca’s area
100
4 types of shock
Cardiogenic
Distributive
Hypovolaemic
Obstructive
101
Describe each type of shock
Cardiogenic- heart isn’t strong enough to pump around enough blood
Distributive- low circulatory volume due to dilated blood vessels
Hypovolaemic- low circulatory volume due to loss of fluid (eg haemorrhage or breeding)
Obstructive- block of blood flow eg embolism
102
What is an aneurysm
Failure of vessel wall- bulge
103
What is it called when blood vessel is blocked?
Thrombosis/ embolism
104
Which three reasons are why a blood vessel could block
Changes in vessel wall
Change in blood flow
Change in blood constituents
105
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s
Memory loss
Confusion
Language deterioration
106
How are plaques in brain in Alzheimer’s caused
Mutation in amyloid precursor protein- AB formed which stick together and form plaques
107
What is lacking if you have Parkinson’s
Deficient of dopamine in basal ganglia
108
Another name for protein aggregates
Lewy bodies
