1: The Cell Flashcards
1
Q
transfer of electron/s from an electron donor to an acceptor
A
redox reaction
2
Q
6 functions of proteins
A
- structure (e.g., collagen)
- transport (e.g., hemoglobin)
- control and regulation (e.g., hormones)
- defense and immunity (e.g., immunoglobulin)
- catalysis (e.g., enzymes)
- movement (e.g., myosin)
- storage (e.g., ferritin)
3
Q
- contains oxidative enzymes for intracellular digestion
- degrades hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound from metabolism
A
perixosome
4
Q
- decrease in oxygen, increase in hydrogen
- gain in electrons
A
reduction
5
Q
sorts and transports molecules for export into the plasma membrane or other cells
A
golgi complex
6
Q
3 acyl compounds
A
carboxylic acid, ester, amide
7
Q
where is ether commonly found?
A
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acid
-C-O-C
8
Q
- the increase in oxygen, decrease in hydrogen
- loss of electrons
A
oxidation
9
Q
3 groups of biologically important elements
A
a. C, H, O, N, P, and S - most important
b. bulk elements - structural components of cells
- required in daily diet in grams
- e.g., Na, Ca, K, Cl
c. trace elements - required in mg or fewer levels
10
Q
- hair-like structures on the surface of the cell
- channel for DNA during sexual conjugation
- used for attachment
A
pili
11
Q
- most abundant biomolecule in the cell (15%)
- most varied in structure and function
A
protein
12
Q
- basic building block of life
- smallest living unit of an organism
- capable of growth, reproduction, energy adaptation, and response to the environment
A
cell
13
Q
3 functions of nucleic acids
A
- energy currency for metabolism (e.g., ATP and ADP)
- structural components of cofactors and coenzymes (e.g., NADH and FADH2)
- building blocks for storage of genetic information (e.g., DNA and RNA)
14
Q
biosynthesis and degradation of biomolecules is known as ?
A
turnover
15
Q
where is ketone commonly found?
A
carbs
C-(C=O)-C
16
Q
- channels allowing the exchange of small molecules between neighboring cells
A
plasmodesmata
sing. plasmodesma
17
Q
- unicellular organisms
- no recognizable organelles
- lacks a nucleus
- most primitive life forms on Earth
A
prokaryotic cells
18
Q
- distinct membrane- bound organelles
- compartmentalization that allows two incompatible reactions to simultaneously occur in a single cell
- greater in volume (size)
A
eukaryotic cells
19
Q
chemical reaction where one atom/group is substituted
e.g. N-methylation of bacterial DNA
A
nucleophilic substitution
20
Q
- specialized subunits within eukaryotes
- usually membrane-bound
- suspended in intracellular fluid (cytosol)
A
organelles
21
Q
intramolecular shift of atoms
A
isomerization reaction
22
Q
- area enclosed by the plasma membrane
- contains cytosol (water, salts, and proteins)
A
cytoplasm
23
Q
addition of water resulting to the breaking of a covalent bond
A
hydrolysis reaction
24
Q
site for cellular respiration
A
mitochondrion
25
- site of protein synthesis
- ribosomes
26
2 carbonyl compounds
aldehydes and ketones
27
- site of DNA synthesis
nucleus
28
- carriers of genetic information
- biopolymers of nucleotides linked by !!!phosphodiester bonds!!
nucleic acid
29
where is phenol commonly found?
proteins and lipids
30
removal of group of atoms resulting to the formation of a double bond
e.g., formation of isopentyl disphosphate
elimination reaction
31
4 functions of carbs
- energy source and storage (e.g., starch)
- structure (e.g., cellulose)
- conjugates to other macromolecules (e.g., glycoproteins)
- components of nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and RNA)
32
where are sulfur-containing thiol and sulfide found?
proteins
thiol: R-SH
sulfide: R-S-R
33
oxidative reaction of hydrogen peroxide
H2O2 ----> H2O + 1/2O2
34
- gelatinous polysaccharide that protects the cell from higher organisms
- helps prokaryotes to cling to each other
- prevents cell from drying out
capsule
35
3 organic derivatives of water
alcohol, phenol, ether
36
- heterogenous, water-insoluble, with large hydrophobic (nonpolar) portions
lipids
37
4 types of biomolecules
protein, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
38
where is alcohol commonly found?
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acid
39
site of lipid synthesis
smooth ER
40
chromatin-dense region in the cytoplasm where prokaryote DNA is found
nucleoid
41
what are cellular components made of?
macromolecules
42
- most abundant biomolecule on earth
- can either be polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone
carbohydrates
43
- reservoir for food, nutrients, ions, waste products, and specialized products
- surrounded by semi-permeable membrane called TONOPLAST
central vacuole
44
- has enzymes for detoxification of foreign substances
- processes and transports proteins
- network of membrane channels connected to the nuclear pore
endoplasmic reticulum
45
5 unique organelles in plant cell
chloroplast
central vacuole
tonoplast
cell wall
plasmodesmata
46
- site of photosynthesis
- contains chlorophyll (pigment for harvesting light)
chloroplast
(see diagram on module)
inner membrane
outer membrane
intermembrane space
chloroplast
thylakoid
granum (stack of thylakoids)
lamella (connects grana)
lumen (inside of thylakoid)
47
4 functions of lipids
- fuel for metabolism (e.g., fats and oils)
- building blocks and vitamins (e.g., phospholipids)
- insulation (e.g., fats and oils)
- protective covering (e.g., suberin)
48
- mainly made of peptidoglycan
- between the plasma membrane and capsule
- maintains cell shape, for mechanical support, and prevents cell from bursting
cell wall
49
at least 2 functions of organelles
- synthesis and degradation of biomolecules
- selective transport of biochemical substances
- metabolism
- storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information
50
where is aromatic commonly found?
amino acids, peptides, proteins, lipids
51
- for spindle fiber formation during cell division
centrioles
52
- lipid bilayer with embedded proteins
- controls the passage of molecules in adn out of the cell
plasma membrane
53
what are the organic building blocks
- H + C = hydrocarbons
- hydrocarbons + O = carbs and lipids
- carbs and lipids + N = amino acids and proteins
- amino acids and proteins + S = sulfur-containing amino acids and proteins
- amino acids and proteins + P = nucleic acids, RNA, and DNA
54
where is aldehyde commonly found?
carbs
C-(CH)=O
55
where is amine usually found?
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
56
the 2 main types of eukaryotic cells
plant and animal cells
57
where is alkene commonly found?
lipids
58
- whip-like appendages used for locomotion
flagellum
59
ER that contains ribosomes
rough ER
60
- contains hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion
lysosomes
61
3 unique organelles in animal cells
lysosomes
centrioles
flagellum
62
two forms of nucleic acids:
DNA (2'-deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
63
two molecules combine to form a single product
addition reaction
64
- cellulosic inert supporting structure for rigidity
cell wall
65
where is amine usually found?
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
