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MCAT Bio > 1 - The Cell > Flashcards

1 - The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

4 tenets of cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells
Cells only come from preexisting cells
Cell is the basic functional unit of life
Genetic material (DNA) is passed on from parent to daughter cell

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2
Q

Function of cytosol

A

Diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

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3
Q

What is in nucleus

A

DNA

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4
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Synthesize ribosomal RNA

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5
Q

Function of nuclear membrane

A

2 layer membrane that separates nucleus from cytoplasm

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6
Q

Nuclear pore function

A

Allows for selective exchange between cytoplasm and nucleus

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7
Q

Function of outer membrane of mitochondria

A

Keep cytosol and inner environment separate

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8
Q

What is in inner membrane of mitochondria

A

Cristae, molecules and enzymes of the electron transport chain

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9
Q

Space inside inner membrane in mitochondria

A

Matrix

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10
Q

Qualities of mitochondria (4)

A

Cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance - transmit DNA independent of nucleus
Contain their own genes
Replicate independently of nucleus via binary fission
Can kill the cell by releasing enzymes from ETC which starts apoptosis

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11
Q

Lysosomes contain . . .

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

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12
Q

What happens when lysosomes release hydrolytic enzymes

A

Apoptosis - released enzymes directly lead to degradation of the cell

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13
Q

The ER is contiguous of what?

A

Nuclear envelope

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14
Q

RER function

A

Translate protein for secretion

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15
Q

SER functions (3)

A

Lipid synthesis (phospholipids)
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
Transport proteins from RER to Golgi

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16
Q

How can Golgi modify cellular products (4)

A

Add carbs, phosphates, sulfates, signal sequences to direct delivery

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17
Q

What is in peroxisomes

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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18
Q

Function of peroxisomes (3)

A

Break down fatty acid chains via ß-oxidation
Synthesis of phospholipids
Involved in pentose phosphate pathway

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19
Q

Function of cytoskeleton (2)

A

Provide structure/maintain shape of cell
Provide conduit for transport of materials around the cell

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20
Q

3 components of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilament
Microtubule
Intermediate filaments

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21
Q

What are microfilaments made of

A

Actin - resistant to compression and fracture (muscle contraction & cytokinesis)

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22
Q

What are microtubules made of

A

Tubulin (kinesin, dynein)

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23
Q

What are microtubules made of

A

Tubulin (kinesin, dyenin)

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24
Q

What are cilia and flagella made of? Function? Ratio?

A

Microtubules
Cilia - used for moving materials along surface of the cell
Flagella - used for moving the cell
9 (pairs) + 2 (single)

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25
Structure of centriole
Microtubules 9 triplets + hollow center Bound by kinetochores during mitosis
26
Intermediate filament function (3)
Cell-cell adhesion Maintenance of cytoskeleton Anchor organelles Can withstand tension
27
4 tissue types
Epithelial Connective Nervous Muscle
28
Function of epithelial tissue
Line body and cavities - protect against pathogen invasion and desiccation (dry) Held together by basement membrane Constitute parenchyma - functioning parts of the organ
29
Connective tissue function (2)
Gives body support and a framework Forms extracellular matrix (collagen and elastin) Main contributor to stroma (support structure)
30
Types of connective tissue (6)
Bone, blood, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue
31
Area of prokaryote with DNA
Nucleoid region
32
Why were Archaea extremophiles?
Live in harsh conditions - temperature, salinity, no light
33
Archaea and Eukarya similarities (3)
Start translation with Met Have similar RNA Polymerases Have histones
34
Archaea and Prokarya similarities (4)
1 circular chromosome Reproduce via binary fission Overall structure Resistant to many antibiotics
35
Bacteria equivalent of cilia
Fimbriae
36
Spherical bacteria
Cocci
37
Rod-shaped bacteria
Bacilli
38
Spiral bacteria
Spirilli
39
Obligate aerobes
Require oxygen for metabolism
40
Obligate anaerobes
Anaerobes that cannot survive in presence of oxygen
41
Faculative anaerobes
Can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in presence of oxygen
42
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Unable to use oxygen but is not harmed by its presence
43
Prokaryote cell structure (5)
Ribosome DNA (nucleoid region) Flagella Cell wall Plasma membrane
44
Function of cell wall in prokaryotes
Extra protective barrier
45
The cell wall and plasma membrane of prokaryotes make up the . . .
Envelope
46
Gram positive/negative stain color
Positive - purple from absorbing crystal violet stain Negative - pink-red from absorbing safranin
47
Gram positive cell wall is made of ___? Functions?
Thick layer of peptidoglycan (amino acid and sugar) and lipoteichoic acid Structural and barrier functions Aids in protection from host’s immune system
48
Gram negative cell wall composition
Thin layer of peptidoglycan that is separated from plasma membrane by periplasmic space Have outer membrane containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides (stronger immune system reaction in humans)
49
Chemotaxis
Ability to detect chemical stimuli (food, toxins, immune cells) and move toward or away from them
50
Filament is made up of . . .
Flagellin
51
Basal body
Attaches to flagellum, can rotate up to 300Hz
52
Basal body
Attaches flagellum to cytoplasmic membrane, can rotate up to 300Hz (motor)
53
Hook of flagellum
Combines filament and basal body
54
T/F: plasmid DNA is required for bacterial survival
False - can provide advantage like antibiotic resistance
55
Where do prokaryotes generate ATP?
Cell membrane - electron transport chain
56
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote ribosome size
Prokaryote - 30S, 50S subunits Eukaryote - 40S, 60S subunits
57
What can plasmids carry? (2)
Antibiotic resistance Virulence factors - toxin production, attaching projections to certain cells, evade host’s immune system
58
Type of plasmid capable of integrating into the bacterial genome
Episome
59
Transformation is ___ and is done by ____.
Integration of foreign genetic material into host genome - other bacteria spilling contents into vicinity of another bacterium Gram-negative rods
60
Conjugation is ___ reproduction and involves ___ (2).
Sexual reproduction Conjugation bridge forms from sex pili Donor male + to recipient female - Bacteria processing the plasmid with sex factors are F+
61
If the sex factor gets incorporated into the bacterial genome via ___, then it can transfer its entire genome.
Transformation
62
Type of bacterial cell if F factor is in the bacterial genome
Hfr cell
63
Transduction is ___ and requires a ___.
When genetic recombination occurs when a bacteriophage infects a bacterium. A vector is a virus that carries DNA from one bacteria to another
64
Transposons are ___.
Genetic material that can insert/remove themselves from the genome
65
4 phases of bacteria
1. Lag phase - adjust to environment 2. Exponential (log) phase - replicate quickly 3. Stationary phase - slowed growth due to less availability of resources 4. Death phase - bacteria exceeded environment’s ability to support it, dies
66
Viruses are ____ _____ parasites because they cannot reproduce independently. They lack ___ for ___ ___.
Obligate intracellular Lack ribosomes for protein synthesis.
67
Viruses are made up of . . . (3)
Genetic material Capsid - protein coat Envelope with lipids (sometimes)
68
Types of viral genetic info
Circular or single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA
69
Viruses _with/without_ envelope are easier to kill because it is sensitive to ___ (3). Viruses _with/without_ envelope are harder to kill and are more resistant to ___.
With envelope is easier to kill, sensitive to heat, desiccation, detergents Without envelope is harder to kill, resistant to sterilization
70
Virus will replicate to produce ___ (viral progeny)
Virions
71
Bacteriophages specifically target ___ and also have the ___ (2).
Target bacteria Have tail sheath (inject DNA) and tail fibers (help recognize/connect to right host)
72
Positive sense refers to ___ and means ___.
SsRNA, the genome can be directly translated into protein
73
Negative sense means ___ and requires ___ (enzyme).
SsRNA acts as a template to synthesize its complementary strand. The new RNA is used for protein synthesis. Requires RNA replicase in virion
74
Retrovirus has ___ (3). It is long lasting because ___.
Enveloped, 2 ssRNA molecules, reverse transcriptase which synthesizes DNA from the RNA. The DNA then adds to host genome and is infected from then on until the cell dies.
75
Tail fibers with enzymatic activity allows for ____ and ___.
Penetration of the cell wall Formation of pores in cell membrane
76
Tail fibers with enzymatic activity allows for ____ and ___.
Penetration of the cell wall Formation of pores in cell membrane
77
DNA viruses go to ____. Positive-sense RNA are located in ___. Negative-sense RNA require ___. Retroviruses require ___.
Nucleus Cytoplasm and are directly transcribed into protein RNA replicase to make complement RNA strand for protein synthesis Reverse transcriptase to make DNA which goes to the nucleus and integrates into host’s genome
78
What do many viral proteins make
Capsid protein for formation of new virions Viral genome is packaged in its original form
79
3 ways viral progeny can be released
Initiate cell death from viral invasion Host cell may lyse from being overfilled Extrusion - releasing small vesicles with the progeny inside - productive cycle because the host cell can continue making viral progeny
80
Lytic vs lysogenic cycle
Lytic - virulent, use host cell to its fullest capacity resulting in host cell death Lysogenic - when virus DNA integrates into host genome as provirus/prophage - released by light, radiation, chemicals which causes prophage to leave the genome and enter lytic cycle
81
Lytic vs lysogenic cycle
Lytic - virulent, use host cell to its fullest capacity resulting in host cell death Lysogenic - when virus DNA integrates into host genome as provirus/prophage - released by light, radiation, chemicals which causes prophage to leave the genome and enter lytic cycle
82
How can transduction occur with prophage that left the host genome?
When leaving host genome, it can take some of the host genome with it, which can get transducted to another bacteria
83
Benefits of having prophage in host genome of bacteria
Being infected with one phage can make it less susceptible to superinfection (simultaneous infection with other phages)
84
Prions are ___ and cause ____.
Infectious proteins Can lead to misfoldings of other proteins by altering alpha helixes/beta sheets
85
How does a prion compare to a normal protein and what happens over time
Less soluble Cell cannot degrade it efficiently Protein aggregates form, interfering with cell function
86
Viroids are ____ and infects ___
Small pathogens with very short, circular ssRNA Infects plants
87
How does a viroid work? What does that lead to?
Find to many RNA sequences and silence genes in plant genome Prevents plant from making essential proteins - metabolic disruption and structural damage to cell
88
Example of human viroid
HDV - hepatitis D Harmless on its own but coinfection with HBV - hepatitis B - can lead to silencing human hepatocytes (liver parenchymal cells for metabolism, detox, immune cell for liver homeostasis, liver inflammation)

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