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Psychology unit 1 > (1) The Multi-store Model > Flashcards

(1) The Multi-store Model Flashcards

0
Q

What are the three separate stores in the multi-store model

A
  • sensory memory
  • short term memory
  • long term memory
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1
Q

Who made the multi store model

A

Atkinson and Shifrin 1968

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2
Q

What are the three terms which makes each of the storage of the multi-store model different

A

Capacity
Duration
Encoding

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3
Q

What does capacity mean

A

The amount of information that can be stored

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4
Q

What does duration mean

A

Length of time the information can be retained

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5
Q

Encoding

A

How the information is represented in memory

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6
Q

Outline the multi store model

A
  • information from the environment is received by the sensory memory
  • some of this information is attended to and transferred to STM
  • information in STM is lost after approx 30 sec, unless rehearsed
  • if information in STM is rehearsed, creates memory trace and transfers to LTM
  • at each stage information can be lost through decay
  • but in STM lost through displacement
  • LTM lost through retrieval failure and interference
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7
Q

How does the sensory memory use separate sensory stores for each sensory input

A

Iconic store- for visual information

Echoic store- for auditory information

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8
Q

Name the psychologist who studied sensory memory in STM

A

⚫️crowder

⚫️sperling

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9
Q

Describe crowders research for Sensory memory

A

⚫️sensory memory holds information for
➡️a few millisecond in iconic store
➡️2 or 3 second in echoic store
shows existence for separate sensory store in each sensory input

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10
Q

Describe sperlings study on sensory memory

A

⚫️iconic store
➡️short capacity of 0.5 sec
➡️larger capacity of 12 units of info

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11
Q

What is encoding in STM

A
  • information arrives in sensory memory in its original form
  • and is encoded in a form STM can deal with
  • the dominant form of encoding in STM is acoustic
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12
Q

Name psychologist who studied encoding STM

A

⚫️braddely

⚫️posner and keele

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13
Q

Describe braddelys research study in encoding STM

A

⚫️participants given acoustically similar words ➡️like ‘cat’ ‘mat’ only recalled 15% of words
➡️shows acoustic confusion in STM
➡️shows STM is encoded on a acoustic foundation

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14
Q

Describe posner and keeles study on encoding in STM

A

⚫️participants could work out that ‘A’ followed by ‘A’
➡️where the same letters more quickly than
➡️’A’ followed by ‘a’
➡️as the visual code is different
➡️suggest visual coding also occurs in STM

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15
Q

What is capacity of short term memory

A

⚫️its limited
➡️research suggest holds 5-9 items
➡️increased through chunking

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16
Q

Name the psychologist who studing capacity in STM

A

⚫️miller

⚫️jacobs

17
Q

Describe millers research method on capacity of STM

A 
⚫️reviewed research studies
➡️found STM capacity between 5-9 items
➡️but 'chunk' was the basic unit of STM
where information was grouped 
➡️into meaningful units
18
Q

Describe jacobs study on capacity of STM

A

⚫️gave participants either
➡️increasingly long lists of letters or number to recall
➡️found capacity for letters = 7 items
➡️capacity of numbers = 9 items

19
Q

What is duration of short term memory

A

⚫️limited
➡️less than 30 sec
➡️research suggest info is rapidly lost if not rehearsed
➡️repetition retains the info in the ST memory loop
➡️until it becomes permanent in LT memory

20
Q

Name the psychologist who studied duration in STM

A

⚫️marsh et al

⚫️peterson and peterson

21
Q

Describe marsh et al study on duration STM

A

⚫️found STM duration brief
➡️if recall was unexpected
➡️suggest duration is dependant
➡️on degree of processing the information

22
Q

Describe peterson and peterson study on duration STM

A

⚫️read participants nonsense trigrams
➡️e.g XQL
➡️got then to count backwards in 3s
➡️for periods of between 3-18 sec to prevent recall
➡️90% trigrams was recalled with a 3 sec period
➡️only 5% with 18 sec period
➡️implying STM memory duration to be limited to about 20-30 sec

23
Q

What does long term memory mean

A

⚫️a permanent store
➡️holding limitless amount of information
➡️for long periods of time

24
Q

What is encoding in long term memory

A

⚫️with verbal material

➡️mainly semantic

25
Q

Name the two psychologist who studied encoding in LTM

A

⚫️Braddeley

⚫️Nelson and Rothbart

26
Q

Describe braddeleys study on encoding in LTM

A

⚫️participants given semantically similar word list
➡️could only recall 55% of the word
➡️after 20 min gap between presentation and recall
➡️shows semantic confusion in LTM
➡️suggest LTM is encoded on a semantic basis

27
Q

Describe nelson and rothbart study on LTM encoding

A

⚫️participants made recall errors
➡️with homophones
➡️words that sound the same but have different meaning
➡️like knight and night
➡️suggest acoustic encoding also occurs in LTM

28
Q

What does capacity of long term memory mean

A

⚫️unlimited
➡️info cant be lost
➡️through decay and interference
➡️due to capacity limitation

29
Q

Suggest two paychologist who studied capacity in LTM

A

⚫️wagenaar

⚫️anokhin

30
Q

️describe anokhin study on capacity in LTM

A

⚫️estimated number of possible
➡️neuronal connections in brain
➡️is 1 followed be 10.5 million km of noughts
➡️concluded that humans don’t use all brain potential
➡️suggest capacity in LTM limitless

31
Q

Describe wagenaar study on capacity in LTM

A

⚫️tested himself to recall
➡️2,400 events listen in a diary over 6 years
➡️finding recall was excellent
➡️suggest capacity of LTM extremely large

32
Q

What does duration of long term memory mean

A

⚫️memory can be lifelong
➡️therefore duration depends on lifespan

⚫️however content had a longer duration
➡️if well learnt

⚫️unlike STM
➡️LTM doesn’t have to be continuously rehearsed to be retained

32
Q

Name two psychologists who studied duration in LTM

A

⚫️bahrick et al

⚫️shephard

33
Q

describe shephards study for duration of LTM

A

⚫️participants can recall pictures seen 1 hr ago
➡️when viewed among other pictures
➡️and still recalled 50% of them, 4 months later
➡️suggest LTM longlasting

34
Q

Describe bahrick et al study on duration of LTM

A 
⚫️asked participants aged between 17-74
➡️to identify ex school friends
➡️from photos and name list
➡️those who left school within the last 15 years 
➡️recalled 90% faces and names 
➡those who left upto 48 years ago 
➡️recalled 80% names,70% face
➡️suggest memory for face is enduring
36
Q

Gove 3 evaluation point on MSM

A

⚫️influential

⚫️show STM and LTM separate stores

⚫️over simplistic

37
Q

How was the STM influential

A

⚫️inspiring research
➡️lead to later theories
➡️like working memory model
➡️which offered greater understanding of how memory works
➡️this research supports existence of separate memory stores of sensory memory,STM, and LTM

37
Q

How did the MSM show STM and LTM where separate stores

A 
⚫️Shallice and Warrington
➡️reported on KF
➡️suffered brain damage 
➡️affected his STM
➡️but not his LTM

⚫️while scoville reported on epileptic
➡️HM who had brain surgery
➡️affected his LTM but not his STM

⚫️supports idea that STM and LTM being in separate stores

38
Q

Why is the MSM over simplistic

A

⚫over-simplistic idea of single STM and LTM stores
➡️research indicates existence of

➡️several STM stores
➡️one for verbal
➡️one for non-verbal sounds

➡️several LTM stores
➡️procedural
➡️episodic
➡️semantic memory stores

Psychology unit 1 (11 decks)

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