1. The Nervous System

Question 1

How much does the brain weigh?

Answer 1

1.5 kg

Question 2

The brain consists of ___

Answer 2

billions of tiny cells

Question 3

The human brain enables us to ___ , ____ , ____

Answer 3

sense the world around us, think, and to talk

Question 4

The disciplines that Neuroscience includes…

Answer 4

Molecular biology, experimental psychology, anatomy, physiology, and and pharmacology

Question 5

Neuroscience

Answer 5

The science of the brain

Question 6

The brain’s building blocks are:

Answer 6

nerve cells

Question 7

Nerves are connected together in ____

Answer 7

networks

Question 8

These networks are in a constant state of ___ and ___ activity

Answer 8

electrical and chemical activity

Question 9

The brain can ___ and ___

Answer 9

see and feel

Question 10

The brain can sense ___ and its ___ tricks help control uncomfortable effects of pain

Answer 10

pain, chemical

Question 11

The brain has several ___ to devoted to co-ordinating our movements

Answer 11

areas

Question 12

When genes go wrong individual can develop ___

Answer 12

dyslexia

Question 13

Neuronal plasticity

Answer 13

A process called neuroplasticity: similarities between how the brain
develops, and the mechanisms responsible for altering the connections between
nerve cells later on

Question 14

Plasticity is thought to underlie ___ and ___

Answer 14

learning and remembering

Question 15

Techniques changing the face of neuroscience

Answer 15

Special electrodes that can touch the surface of cells,
optical imaging, human brain scanning machines, and silicon chips (containing
artificial brain circuits)

Question 16

Glial cells

Answer 16

A type of cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment. Located in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, glial cells are sometimes called the “glue” of the nervous system, as well as neuroglia or just glia

Question 17

The 3 kinds of neurons are…

Answer 17

Sensory, motor, and interneurons

Question 18

The nervous system consists of the ____ , ____ , and ____

Answer 18

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Question 18

The nervous system is made up of cells called ____

Answer 18

neurons

Question 19

The supporting cells are called _____ cells

Answer 19

glial

Question 20

Sensory neurons

Answer 20

Coupled to receptors specialized to detect and
respond to different attributes of the internal and external
environment.

Question 21

The sensory receptors are sensitive to changes in ___ , ____ , ____ , and ___ stimuli subserve the sensory modalities of vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste

Answer 21

light, sound, mechanical and chemical stimuli

Question 22

When mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli to the skin
exceed a certain intensity;

Answer 22

They can cause tissue damage.
and a special set of receptors called nociceptors are
activated; these give rise both to protective reflexes and to
the sensation of pain

Question 23

What special receptors are activated when stimuli reaches a certain intensity on the skin?

Answer 23

Nociceptors

Question 24

Nociceptors are...

Answer 24

Sensory receptors that detect signals from damaged tissue or the threat of damage and indirectly also respond to chemicals released from the damaged tissue. Nociceptors are free (bare) nerve endings found in the skin, muscle, joints, bone and viscera.

Question 25

When mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli to the skin exceed a certain intensity;

Answer 25

They can cause tissue damage. and a special set of receptors called nociceptors are activated.

Question 26

Nociceptors give rise to both ___ reflexes and to the ___ of pain

Answer 26

protective reflexes and to the sensation of pain

Question 27

Motor neurons, which control ___ activity, are responsible for all forms of ___ including ____.

Answer 27

muscle activity, behaviour, speech

Question 28

Nociceptors give rise to both ___ reflexes and to ___ of pain ____

Answer 28

protective reflexes and to the sensation of pain

Question 29

Interposed between ___ and ____ neurons are _____.

Answer 29

Sensory, motor neurons, interneurons

Question 30

Interneurons are the most ____

Answer 30

numerous

Question 31

What special receptors are activated when stimuli reaches a certain intensity on the skin?

Answer 31

Nociceptors

Question 31

Interneurons mediate ____ as well as being responsible for the ______

Answer 31

Simple reflexes, highest brain functions

Question 31

Nociceptors give rise to both ___ reflexes and to ___ of pain ____

Answer 31

protective reflexes and to the sensation of pain

Question 31

Nociceptors are...

Answer 31

Sensory receptors that detect signals from damaged tissue or the threat of damage and indirectly also respond to chemicals released from the damaged tissue. Nociceptors are free (bare) nerve endings found in the skin, muscle, joints, bone and viscera.

Question 32

Glial cells make an important contribution to the _____ system development and ____ in the adult brain

Answer 32

Nervous system development and function in the adult brain.

Question 33

Glial cells are more numerous, they don't transmit ____, the way ____ do

Answer 33

information, they way neurons do

Question 34

Neurons have a structure consisting of a ____ and 2 additional ____ ; "processes"

Answer 34

cell body, compartments; "processes'

Question 35

One set is called an ___

Answer 35

Axons

Question 36

Axons

Answer 36

Transmit info from the neuron on to others to which it is connected.

Question 37

The other set is called; _____

Answer 37

dendrites

Question 38

Dendrites

Answer 38

Receive the info being transmitted by the axons of other neurons.

Question 39

Both processes (axons/dendrites) participate in specialized contacts; ______

Answer 39

Synapses

Question 40

Neurons are organized into _____ and _____ that are the pathways through which information in the nervous system is transmitted.

Answer 40

Complex chains, networks, pathways,

Question 41

The brain and spinal cord are connected to ____ and ____ through long ____ that make up the ____ nerves.

Answer 41

Sensory receptors/muscles, axons, peripheral nerves

Question 42

The 2 functions of the spinal cord;

Answer 42

1. Simple reflexes (the knee jerk and the rapid withdrawal of a limb from a hot object) 2. Complex reflexes (Highway between the body and the brain for information travelling in both directions)

Question 43

The ____ of the human brain distinguishes it. A result from the increase in the # of ____ over the course of evolution-- providing wide variety of reactions to the environment.

Answer 43

large size, number of interneurons

Question 44

The brain consists of; _____ and ____

Answer 44

Brain stem and the cerebral hemispheres

Question 45

The brain stem is divided into ___, ____, and a ‘between-brain’ called the ____.

Answer 45

Hind-brain, mid-brain, and diencephalon.

Question 46

The hind-brain is an extension of the ______

Answer 46

Spinal cord

Question 47

The hind-brain contains ____ of _____ that constitute centres for the control of vital functions such as _____ and ______.

Answer 47

networks of neurons, breathing and blood pressure

Question 48

Arising from the roof of the hind-brain is the ____, which plays an absolutely _____ in the _____ and _____ of movements

Answer 48

Cerebellum, central role, control/timing

Question 49

The ____ contains groups of neurons, each of which seem to use predominantly a particular type of _____.

Answer 49

Midbrain, chemical messenger

Question 50

The diencephalon is divided into 2 very different areas called the ____ and the _____

Answer 50

Thalamus and the hypothalamus:

Question 51

The thalamus relays ____ from all sensory systems to the ____ ____, which in turn sends messages back to the thalamus.

Answer 51

Impulses, cerebral cortex

Question 52

Info travels back and forward in the brain

Answer 52

TRUE

Question 53

The hypothalamus controls functions such as ___ and ____, and it also regulates the release of _____ involved in sexual functions.

Answer 53

eating/drinking, hormones

Question 54

The cerebral hemispheres consist of a core, the ___ ____

Answer 54

Basal ganglia

Question 55

____ ____ of the cerebral cortex; an extensive but thin surrounding sheet of neurons.

Answer 55

Grey matter,

Question 56

The basal ganglia play a central role in the ____ and ____ of movement.

Answer 56

initiation and control of movement

Question 57

The basal ganglia play a central role in the ____ and ____ of movement.

Answer 57

initiation and control of movement

Question 58

In limited skull space; cerebral cortex is thrown into ____ that weave in and out; large SA for neuron sheets

Answer 58

folds

Question 59

Cerebral cortex woven into folds; this ____ ____ is the most highly developed brain area area in humans

Answer 59

Cortical tissue,

Question 60

Cortical tissue divided into large # of discrete areas, distinguishable in terms of its ____ and _____.

Answer 60

layers/connections

Question 61

The ____ from the sensory receptors to the cortex and from cortex to the muscles ____ from one side to the other.

Answer 61

Pathways, crossover

Question 62

Thus ______ of the right side of the body are controlled by the left side of the cortex, vice versa. (ex. sounds in the left ear mainly reach the right cortex)

Answer 62

movements

Question 63

2 halves of the brain don't work in isolation - left/ right cerebral cortex are connected by a large fibre tract called the ____ ____

Answer 63

Corpus callosum

Question 64

The cerebral cortex is required for ____ actions, language, speech and ____ functions such as thinking/remembering.

Answer 64

voluntary, higher,

Question 65

Speech is lateralized in the left hemisphere in most people

Answer 65

TRUE