1. The Role & Objective of financial Managers

Question 1

what is the

What is Shareholder wealth:

CHAPTER GOAL

Answer 1

Shareholder wealth is defined as the present value of the expected future returns to the owners of the firm.

Question 2

How is Shareholder wealth measured

CHAPTER GOAL

Answer 2

It is measured by the market value of the shareholders common stock holdings.

Question 3

The primary normative goal of a firm

CHAPTER GOAL

Answer 3

is to make the most efficient use of the firm ’ s resources and thereby to maximize shareholder wealth.

Question 4

how can the achievement of the shareholder wealth maximization goal be constrained

CHAPTER GOAL

Answer 4

by social responsibility concerns and problems arising out of agency relationships.

Question 5

How is the market value of a firm ’ s stock is determined?

CHAPTER GOAL

Answer 5

the magnitude, timing, and risk of the cash flows the firm is expected to generate.

Question 6

What Actions can managers can take to influence the magnitude, timing, and risk of the firm’s cash flows.

Answer 6

The actions are often classified as:

investment, financing, and dividend decisions.

Question 7

what are the 3 most important forms of business organization?

CHAPTER GOAL

Answer 7

Sole proprietorship

Partnership — both limited and general

Corporation

Question 8

What are the advantages of Corporations and what % in america do they comprise of

CHAPTER GOAL

Answer 8

limited liability for owners

potentially perpetual life

the ability to raise large amounts of capital.

they account for less than 18 percent of U.S. firms, and 81 percent of U.S. business revenues.

Question 9

What is the Primary responsibility of a Financial Managers?

Answer 9

acquiring funds (cash) needed by a firm

and

directing those funds into projects that will maximize the value of the firm.

Question 10

The primary goal/objective of the firm

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

Answer 10

The most widely accepted objective of the firm is to make the most efficient use of the firm ’ s resources and thereby maximize the value of the firm for its owners; that is, to maximize shareholder wealth

Question 11

2. The determinants of the value of a firm
3. The meaning and implications of agency problems in a corporation
4. The importance of ethics in running a business organization
5. The major types of business organizations and their distinguishing features
6. The role and function of the financial manager The relationship between finance and other business disciplines

Question 12

What is Shareholder wealth

Answer 12

Shareholder wealth is represented by the market price of a firm ’ s common stock.

Question 13

how is Present value defined

Answer 13

Present Value is defined as the value today of some future payment or stream of payments, evaluated at an appropriate discount rate

Question 14

what is discount rate

Answer 14

discount rate takes into account the returns that are available from alternative investment opportunities during a specific (future) time period.

Question 15

what is reflected in the measure of a shareholders wealth

Answer 15

the magnitude , timing , and risk associated with future benefits expected to be received by stockholders.

Question 16

How do you calculate total shareholder wealth

Answer 16

Total shareholder wealth equals:

the number of shares outstanding X the market price per share.

Question 17

What do Stock Prices provide a direct Measure of?

Answer 17

the success of decisions made by a firm’s managers.

Question 18

Who are considered Stakeholders?

Answer 18

customers,

employees,

suppliers,

and the communities in which firms operate

Question 19

What is Economic Value Added ,

Answer 19

the difference between a firm ’ s annual after-tax operating profit and its total annual cost of capital.

Economic Value Added = After tax operating profit - annual cost of capital

Question 20

What are the 2 most important Agency Relationships

Answer 20

stockholders and creditors

stockholders (owners) and managers

Question 21

What are Agency Problems?

Answer 21

The divergent objectives between 2 parties ie

owners and managers

(Stock Holders and managers)

(Stock Holders and Creditors)

Question 22

What is one of the Agency Problems between Creditors and Owners?

Answer 22

Creditors have a fixed financial claim on the company ’ s resources:

long-term debt, bank loans, commercial paper, leases, accounts payable, wages payable, taxes payable,

owners may attempt to increase the riskiness of the company ’ s investments in hopes of receiving greater returns.

When this occurs, bondholders suffer because they do not have an opportunity to share in these higher returns.

Question 23

what are some of the protective covents creditors can insist on to protect their interests from agency problems?

Answer 23

• limitations on dividend payments,
• limitations on the type of investments (and divestitures) the company can undertake,
• poison puts,
• limitations on the issuance of new debt.

Question 24

list some agency problems that can arrise

Answer 24

each party wanting to maximizing his or her own utility (welfare). ie management concerned more with long-run survival (job security) rather than shareholder wealth maximization

Another example is the consumption of on-the-job perquisites (such as the use of company airplanes, limousines, and luxurious offices)

Shirking by managers is also an agency-related problem.

Question 25

list 4 agency costs

Answer 25

1. **Expenditures to _structure_ the organization** in such a way as to minimize the incentives for management to take actions contrary to shareholder interests 2. **Expenditures to _monitor management_ ’ s actions,** such as paying for audits of managerial performance and internal audits of the firm ’ s expenditures 3. **Bonding expenditures** to protect the owners from managerial dishonesty 4**. The _opportunity cost_ of lost profits** arising from **_complex organizational structures_** that prevent management from making timely responses to opportunities

Question 26

List 3 different mechanisms to reduce Agency Conflicts

Answer 26

**corporate governance,** **managerial compensation,** and **the threat of takeovers.**

Question 27

How does Corporate Govenance reduce Agency Conflicts

Answer 27

the board of directors of a corporation should have a majority of **independent directors**. Independent directors are individuals who are **not current or former employees of the company** and who **have no significant business ties to the company.** **the committee responsible** for nominating members of the board of directors must be composed only of **independent directors**. ensureing that everyone is independent will help reduce the chance of Agency conflics occuring

Question 28

How can **Managerial Compensation** help reduce agency conflicts?

Answer 28

providing part of the compensation in the form of **stock or options** to purchase stock can **reduce agency conflicts.** Typically, the options are **set at an exercise price greater than the price of the stock at the time options are granted** and can be **exercised only after a certain period of time has elapsed.**

Question 29

How can **the threat of takeover** help to reduce Agency Conflicts

Answer 29

The argument goes as follows: If managers act in their self-interest, then **share values will be depressed**, providing an **incentive for someone to take over the company** at a depressed level. The acquirer can then benefit from instituting policies that are consistent with shareholder wealth maximization, such as eliminating underperforming units and cutting overhead.

Question 30

To maximize profits, we learned in microeconomics that a firm should :

Answer 30

**expand output** to the point where the **marginal (additional) cost ( MC )** of the last unit produced and sold just **equals the marginal revenue ( MR )** received. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaQRM6WIxpA

Question 31

why is the profit maximization model (MC = MR rule) not useful as **the** central decision-making model for a firm

Answer 31

1. Major decisions made by financial managers must reflect the **time dimension**. Financial managers must make trade-offs between **short-run** and **long-run** **returns** **in conjunction with capital investment decisions**. 2. The second limitation of the profit maximization objective has to do with the definition of profit (or earnings or income) . Generally accepted **accounting principles** (as discussed in Chapter 3) **result in literally hundreds of definitions of profit** for a firm because of the latitude permitted in recognizing and accounting for costs and revenues.

Question 32

What are the limitations of "Book Value" of a share as opposed to "Market Value" of a share

Answer 32

**_book value_** reflects the **historic cost of assets**, **not the earning capacity of those assets**. Also, the book value **does not consider the risk** associated with the assets. **_market value of a company ’ s shares of stock:_** the 3 major factors determining this are: - The **amount of the cash flows** expected to be generated for the benefit of stockholders ; - The **timing of these cash flows** ; - The **risk of the cash flows**.

Question 33

explain the 3 major factors in determining the **market value** of a companies shares of stock

Answer 33

**- Cash Flow** relates to the **actual cash generated** or Only cash can be used to acquire assets, and only cash can be used to make valuable distributions to investors. In contrast, the accounting system focuses primarily on a matching over time of the historic, cost-based revenues and expenses of a company, resulting in a bottom-line earnings figure. But **accounting earnings are often misleading** because **they do not reflect the actual cash inflows and outflows of the firm**. For example, an accountant records depreciation expense on an asset each period over the depreciable life of that asset. Depreciation is designed to reflect the decline in value of that asset over time. However, depreciation itself results in no cash outflow. The entire cash outflow occurred when the asset was originally purchased. **_Timing of Cash_** If faced with the alternatives of receiving $100 today or $100 three years from today, you would surely choose the $100 today because you could invest that $100 for three years and accumulate the interest. Thus, financial managers must consider both the magnitude of the cash flows they expect to generate and the timing of these cash flows, because investors will reflect these dimensions of return in their valuation of the enterprise. **_Risk_** Finally, the market value of a share of stock is influenced by the **perceived risk** of the cash flows it is expected to generate.

Question 34

list some: **Economic Enviornmental Factors.** **Policiy Decisions Under Managment Control** **Conditions in financial Markets** that affect stock price

Answer 34

**_Economic Environment Factors_** 1. Level of economic activity 2. Tax rates and regulations 3. Competition, including the threat of new competitors and substitute products 4. Laws and government regulations 5. Unionization of employees 6. International business conditions and currency exchange rates 7. Bargaining power of buyers **_Major Policy Decisions Under Management Control_** 1. Products and services offered for sale 2. Production technology 3. Marketing and distribution network 4. Investment strategies 5. Employment policies and compensation packages for managers and other employees 6. Ownership form— proprietorship, partnership, or corporation 7. Capital structure— use of debt and equity to finance the firm 8. Working capital management policies 9. Dividend policies **Conditions in Financial Markets** 1. Interest rate levels 2. Investor optimism 3. Anticipated inflation

Question 35

What are the 5 Competitive forces that can affect the market price of stocks

Answer 35

1. The threat of **new entrants** 2. The threat of **substitute products** 3. The **bargaining power** of **buyers** 4. The **bargaining power** of **suppliers** 5. The **rivalry** among current **competitors**

Question 36

What are the 3 most common buissness structures with advandages/ disadvantages

Answer 36

**_1. sole propriotorship_** **Advantages:** Inexpensive to establish **Disadvantage:** unlimited personal liability, dificulty raising funds for growth, 72% of USD biss, but only 4.1% total revenue **_2. Partnership_** **_General Partnership_** each partner has unlimited liability, = same disadvantages as a sole propriotor **_Limited Partnership_** one or more General Partner, and one or mor Limited liability partner. (the limit is set out in contract and varies). common in real-estate 10% of usa buissnesses are Partnerships that account for less than 15% revenue **_Corporation_** **Advantages:** **Limited liability:** Stock holders are not liable for obligations or debts **Permanancy** :the corporation will exist independent of weather stockholders sell their shares **Flexibility:** a change in ownership can be as simple as selling shares. **Ability to raise capital:** limited liability, and easy marketabliity of shares it is much easier to raise capital for growth. **Disadvantage** ownership is seperated from managment ( possible agancy costs)

Question 37

what are the 2 types of Corporate Securities

Answer 37

**Debt Securities:** lending of money (the investor wants periodic interest payments and the return of the principal after a set time period) **Equity Securities** **2 types: _Common Stock,__Prefered Stock_** **_Common Stock:_** residule form of ownership. considered to be true holders of the company. Claims are considered last. after; government, debt holders & prefered stock holders. possess dividend, rights asset, rights voting rights. **_Perfered stock holders:_** their rights come before common stock holders. paid dividends before, and if the company liquidates are in front of common stock holders for payouts. if bankrupcy occurs the order of priority is - creditors - prefered stock holders common stock holders

Question 38

what does a CFO do

Answer 38

- strategic planning, **-monitoring and trading foreign currencies,** **-managing the risk from volatile interest rates**, **- monitoring production and inventory levels**. **- communicate effectively with the investment community concerning the financial performance of the company.** The chief financial officer often distributes the financial management responsibilities between: **1. the controller** **2. the treasurer**. **The controller** normally has responsibility for all accounting-related activities. *Financial accounting, Cost accounting, Taxes, Data Processing* **The treasurer** is normally concerned with the acquisition, custody, and expenditure of funds.