1 To 70 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
- Kinetochore is the site where attached:
A
MICROTUBULES
2
Q
- What involved in the formation of the spindle and the creation of a guide and electromotive force
separating the chromatids?
A
MICROTUBULES
3
Q
- Long microtubules which connect opposite poles are called:
A
POLAR
4
Q
- Determine amorphous bodies located near the nuclear envelope, and containing a centriole:
A
CENTROSOMES
5
Q
- Kinetochore is located in:
A
CENTROMERE
6
Q
- Kinetochore is attached the first to lateral side and then to the free end of :
A
MICROTUBULES
7
Q
- The mitotic cycle, which ends with the division of cells into 2 daughter is called:
A
M phase
8
Q
- What phase called the period of preparation for mitosis where is occured the synthesis and replication of
DNA ?
A
S PHASE
9
Q
- What organoid is involved in the process of cell division?
A
CENTRIOLES
10
Q
- Select the correct sequence of phases of mitosis:
A
PROPHASE->METAPHASE->ANAPHASE->TELOPHASE
11
Q
- Select a set of periods which all are called the interphase:
A
G1 S G2 (PLUS G0)
12
Q
- Select the correct process which is the most characteristic of a dividing cell:
A
DIVERGENCE OF CHROMOSOME / CHROMOSOME DISJUNCTION
13
Q
- In what phase of cell cycle is possible to study karyotype?
A
METAPHASE
14
Q
- Select the correct process which is the most characteristic for presynthetic period of interphase:
A
REPLICATION OF DNA
15
Q
- What biological importance has mitosis
A
PRESERVING THE CONSTANCY NO OF CHROMOSOMES
16
Q
- In what phase of the mitotic cycle, chromosomes are located in the center of the cell and their centromeres
attached with the spindle thread?
A
M PAHSE
17
Q
- Determine the amount of DNA in the G2-period of the cell cycle:
A
4c
18
Q
- What is included in the mitotic apparatus?
A
MICROTUBULE AND CENTRIOLE
19
Q
- How is cAMP formed?
A
BY THE ENZYME ADENYLATE CYCLASE FROM ATP
20
Q
- How is cGMP formed?
A
IT IS SYNTHESISED FROM GTP BY ENZYME GRANULATED CYCLASE
21
Q
- What is the function of phosphorylation in the signal transmission?
A
ALL OPTIONS ARE CORRECT
22
Q
- What is the importance of inositoltriphosphate (IP3)?
A
BINDING WITH CALCIUM CHANNELS OF PLASMOLEMMA AND E.R TRANSLATES THEM
INTO OPEN STATE
23
Q
- What cellular mechanism responds to its own signal of the cell (the cell produces a signaling molecule
and at that time carries on its surface the receptors necessary for respond of the secreted ligand)?
A
AUTOCRINE
24
Q
- What are the main mechanisms of intracellular signaling?
A
PHOSPHORYLATION AND DEPHOSPHORYLATION
25
25. What type of secondary messengers is formed from a specialized membrane lipid inositolphospholipid
by the enzyme phospholipase C?
DAG AND ACETO3PHOSPHATE
26
26. What is the importance of diacylglycerol (DAG)?
SECONDARY MESSENGER OR ACTIVATE PROTEIN KINASE C
27
27. What is the role of Ca2+ as the secondary messenger?
ACTIVATION OF THYMEDULIN
28
28. The main protein of microtubule is...
TUBULIN
29
29. The main protein of actin filament is ...
ACTIN
30
30. Identify the protein which is a molecular motor:
MYOSIN
31
31. The component of cytoskeleton and the core domain forming by curled spiral domains is called .....
INTERMIDIET FILAMENT
32
32. Identify microtubule organizing centre:
CENTROSOME
33
33. Cadherin molecules interact with other molecules of neighboring cells. It is called....
HETROPHILIC INTERACTION
34
34. Identify one of three main proteins of the intermediate filaments:
KERATIN , vimetin , desmin
35
35. The growing end of microtubules is called:
PLUS END
36
36. Identify the protein which is a molecular engine:
KINESIN
37
37. The main vimentin-like protein of intermediate filaments in muscle tissue is:
DESMIN
38
38. Proteins associated with microtubules perform the function:
THE REGULATION OF DISSEMBLING MICROTUBULE
39
39. Identify the first phase of microtubule assembly:
NUCLEATION(DELAYED PHASE)
40
40. Identify a junctional component of cytoskeleton participating to intercellular adhesion :
ACTIN FILAMENT
41
41. What is the essence of the cytogenetic method in studying human heredity?
STUDY CHROMOSOME WITH MICROSCOPE
42
42. What are the indications for the biochemical research?
The lag is physical development hepatosplenomegaly, intolerance to any food
43
43. What method of studying heredity used in the diagnosis of chromosomal diseases?
Cytological
44
44. What does the term “siblings” mean?
Children of one parent’s couple
45
45. Why do you use the twin methods for studying human heredity?
To assess the relative rule of heredity and environment in the development of trait
46
46. What proportion of children in the first generations will exhibit a dominant trait, if one parent is heterozygous with dominant allele and the other is homozygous with recessive?
50%
47
47. What does the term “proband” mean?
The person whom conducts the study of pedigree
48
48. Identify the characters accepted for designation in the pedigrees of female family members:
Circle
49
49. What percentage of children will inherit the pathology, if both parents are heterozygous with dominant
allele controlling hereditary disease?
75%
50
50. What is the essence of the biochemical method?
The use of a system of qualitative and quantitative tests, which allows to catch the
disturbed content of metabolic products
51
51. What is the disadvantage of human as an object of genetic research?
52
52. Identify chromosomal disease associated with increasing number of sex chromosomes:
Klinfelters syndrome.
53
53. Isochromosome is .....
CHROMOSOME WITH REPETITIVE GENETIC MATERIAL IN BOTH SHOULDERS
54
54. What syndrome is characterized by following symptoms: microcephaly, sloping forehead, narrow eye slits,
nose defect, low-set ears and deformed, cleft lip and cleft palate, polydactyly (extra digits), heart defects,
kidney defects?
Patau syndrome
55
55. The Cri du chat syndrome was firstly described by....?
J.Lejeune,in 1963
56
56. Identify the possible formula of karyotype according to the following symptoms: short, a short neck,
barrel-shaped rib cage, delayed sexual development.
45,X0
57
57. What kind of syndrome below caused by the rearrangement in chromosome?
Wof-hirschkorn syndrome
58
58. What intervals of age significantly increase in childbirth the risk of chromosomal abnormalities?
Age 35- 40
59
59. Determine the karyotype of Klinefelter syndrome:
47,XXY
60
60. Determine the karyotype of Edwards syndrome:
47,XX,18+
61
61. Determine chromosomal disease which is associated with decreasing in the number of sex
chromosomes:
Turners syndrome
62
62. The occurence of ring chromosomes is...
The linkage of the two terminal deletions in both shoulders of the chromosome.
63
63. What syndrome are characterized by the following symptoms: slanted eyes, a round face with a flat profile,
small nose, A missing nose bone, epicanthus folds, Small ears , a large tongue that may protrude from the
mouth, heart defects, clinodactyly?
Down’s syndrome
64
64. 18 trisomy was firstly described by:
Edwards, in 1960
65
65. Identify the possible formula of karyotype according to the following symptoms: tall, incomplete pubertal
development with eunuchoid body habitus, Enlarged breast tissue (gynecomastia), less facial and body
hair compared with other teens, sexual infantilism
47,XXY
66
66. What kind of syndrome below caused by the rearrangement in chromosome?
Cri du chat syndrome
67
67. Polyploidy is...
Increasing of haploid set of chromosomes
68
68. Determine the formula of karyotype in Cri du chat syndrome:
46,xx,5P-
69
69. Determine the formula of karyotype in Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome:
46,XX,4p-
70
70. Give the definition of chromosomal diseases:
These are caused by genomic mutations or structural changes in individual chromosome.
71
71. What kind of structural aberrations can be the reasons of chromosomal diseases?
Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
72
72. What changes in karyotype observed in Patau syndrome? ?
Trisomy, whole extra copy of chromosome no. 13 in the body’s cell
73
73. An electronic micrograph presents a cell that has no nucleole and nuclear membrane. Chromosomes has free position, centrioles migrate to the poles. What phase of cell cycle is it typical for?
Prophase
74
74. Normal, actively dividing cells of human red bone marrow are analyzed. What number of cells’ chromosomes is typical for G1 period?
46
75
75. Life cycle of a cell includes the process of DNA autoreduplication. As a result of it monochromatid chromosomes turn into bichromatid ones. What period of cell cycle does this phenomenon fall into?
S phase
76
76. During the examination of a two month boy a pediatrician noticed that the child’s cry sounds like cat’s mewing; he revealed also microcephalia and valvular defect. By means of cytogenetic method he determined the child’s karyotype ― 46 ХY, 5р-. At what stage of mitosis was the patient’s karyotype analyzed?
Metaphase
77
77. Studying the mitotic cycle phases of an onion root the researchers revealed a cell with chromosomes lying in equatorial plane in form of a star. What phase of mitosis is it?
Metaphase
78
78. While studying maximally spiralized chromosomes of human karyotype the process of cell division was stopped in the following phase:
Metaphase
79
79. Moving of the daughter chromatids to the poles of the cell is observed in the mitotically dividing cell. On what stage of the mitotic cycle is this cell?
Anaphase
80
80. According to the law of constant chromosome number, each species of most animals has a definite and constant number of chromosomes. The mechanismus providing this constancy in sexual reproduction of the organisms is called:
meiosis
81
81. During the postsynthetic period of mitotic cycle the synthesis of tubulin proteins was disturbed. These proteins take part in construction of division spindle. It can lead to the disturbance of:
Chromosome disjunction
82
82. An individual is characterized by rounded face, broad forehead, a Mongolian type of eyelid fold, flattened nasal bridge, permanently open mouth, projecting lower lip, protruding tongue, short neck, flat hands, and stubby fingers. What diagnosis can be put to the patient?
Down’s syndrome
83
83. A 2-year-old boy is diagnosed with Down syndrome. What chromosomal changes may be the cause of this disease?
Trisomy 21
84
84. A patient has mental retardation, small height, brachydactyly, mongoloid slant. Analysys of his karyotype revealed trisomy 21. What chromosomal anomaly is it?
Down’s Disease
85
85. There are trisome, translocational and mosaic forms of Down’s syndrome. What method of human genetics can be applied to differentiate the said forms of Down’s syndrome?
Cytogenetics
86
86. An 8 month old child has non-closed palate, a number of eye defects, microcephaly, disorder of cardiovascular system. Cytogenetic analysis revealed 47 chromosomes with an additional 13th chromosome. What diagnosis can be made on the basis of clinical observations and cytogenetic examinations?
Patau’s Syndrome
87
87. Healthy parents with unremarkable family history have the child with multiple developmental defects. Cytogenetic analysis revealed the trisomy 13 in the somatic cells (Patau syndrome). What phenomenon has caused the defects?
Abnormal gametogenesis
88
88. Medical examination at the military registration and enlistment office revealed that a 15- year-old boy was high, with eunuchoid body proportions, gynecomastia, female pattern of pubic hair distribution. The boy had also fat deposits on the thighs, no facial hair, high voice, subnormal intelligence quotient. Which karyotype corresponds with this disease?
47, XXY
89
89. An 18-year-old boy applied to a geneticist. The boy has asthenic constitution: narrow shoulders, broad pelvis, nearly hairless face. Evident mental deficiency. The provisional diagnosis was Klinefelter’s syndrome. What method of clinical genetics will enable the doctor to confirm this diagnosis?
Cytogenetic
90
90. Detection of X-chromatin in somatic cells is used for the quick diagnosis of hereditary diseases associated with a change in the sex chromosome number. Vast majority of a man’s cells have three X-chromatin bodies. What is the man’s karyotype?
49, XXXY
91
91. A 32 y.o. man is tall, he has gynecomastia, adult woman pattern of hair distribution, high voice, mental deficiency, sterility. Provisional diagnosis is Klinefelter’s syndrome. In order to specify diagnosis it is necessary to analize:
Karyotype
92
92. Cytogenetic examination of a patient with dysfunction of the reproductive system revealed normal karyotype 46, ХY in some cells, but most cells have Klinefelter’s syndrome karyotype – 47, ХХY. Such phenomenon of cell inhomogeneity is called:
Mosaicism
93
93. A 28-year-old female patient consulted a gynecologist about sterility. Examination revealed underdeveloped ovaries and uterus, irregular menstrual cycle. Study of sex chromatin revealed 2 Barr’s bodies in most somatic cells. What chromosome disease is the most probable in this case?
Triple X syndrome
94
94. Mother and father are healthy. Mother underwent amniocentesis for fetal karyotyping. The fetal karyotype turned out to be 45, XO. What syndrome can be expected in a newborn baby?
Turner Syndrome
95
95. Numerical chromosomal disorders include:
Downs, Turner, Edward, Patau, Klinefelter
96
96. The structural chromosomal disorders include:
Cri du Chat, Wolf-Hirshhorn
97
97. Feature that is characteristic of autosomal recessive inheritance:
The main features of autosomal dominant inheritance pattern include: Males and females are affected in roughly equal proportions. People in more than one generation are affected. Men and women are both able to pass on the condition to their sons and daughters.
98
98. Feature that ischaracteristic of autosomal dominant inheritance:
Males and females are affected in roughly equal proportions. People in more than one generation are affected. Men and women are both able to pass on the condition to their sons and daughters.
99
99. Genealogical study of a family with hereditary enamel hypoplasia has revealed that the
disease occurs in every generation. In women, the anomaly occurs more frequently than in men. Male patients only pass this trait to their daughters. What type of inheritance takes place in this case?
X linked dominant
100
100. Hypertrychosis of auricles is caused by a gene that is localized in Y-chromosome. Father has this feature. What is the probability to give birth to a boy with such anomaly?
100%
