1 - Topography + definitions Flashcards
Define dysphagia and give some common causes:
Difficulty swallowing
If oropharyngeal:
- Stroke
- MS
- Parkinson’s
If oesophageal:
- Achalasia
- Stricture/tumour/foreign body
- GORD
Define quadriplegia and give some common causes:
Paralysis of all four limbs
- Spinal cord injury between C1-7 ie RTC, high-impact falls
Define paraplegia and give some common causes:
Paralysis of legs and lower body
- Spinal cord injury ie RTC, high-impact falls
- Stroke
Define hemiplegia and give some common causes:
Paralysis of one side of the body
- Trauma to one side of brain
- Stroke/TIA
- MS
Define ataxia and give some common causes:
Loss of full control of body movements:
- coordination
- balance
- speech
- Stroke
- Alcohol abuse
- Cerebral palsy
- MS
Define dyslexia:
Learning difficulty resulting in problems when learning to read or interpreting words, but do not affect general intelligence
Define aphasia and give some common causes:
Difficulty understanding/speaking/reading or writing
- Stroke
- Dementia
- Tumour
- Infection
Define paresis:
Condition of muscular weakness
Define akinesia and give some common causes:
Loss/impaired voluntary movement
- Parkinson’s disease
- Antipsychotic ADR
- Hypothyroidism
Define apraxia and give some common causes:
Inability to perform particular purposeful actions, even though:
- request is understood
- willing to perform task
- muscles work properly
- task has already been learnt
- Congenital
- Stroke
Define dyspraxia:
Developmental disorder affecting coordination and movement
Define dysarthria and give some common causes:
Difficult or unclear articulation of speech
- due to weak muscles or loss of control over muscles
- Stroke
- Parkinson’s disease
- Huntington’s disease
- Brain tumour
- Cerebral palsy
- Head injury
Define dysphonia and give some common causes:
Difficulty speaking
- physical disorder of mouth/tongue/throat/vocal cords
- Tumour of vocal cord
- Inflam: smoking, infection
- Neuro: MS, PD, nerve injury
- Systemic disease: acromegaly, amyloidosis, hypothyroidism, sarcoidosis
- Psychogenic/stress/vocal strain
Define hypertonia and give some common causes:
Increased muscle tone and reduced ability of muscle to stretch
- Parkinson’s disease
- Stroke
- Spinal cord injury
Define agnosia and give some common causes:
Inability to process sensory information, ie visual agnosia
- Stroke
- Dementia
In occipital/temporal lobes
Define dysdiadochokinesia and give some common causes:
Impaired ability to perform rapid, alternating movements
- MS (adults)
- Cerebellar tumours (children)
- Friedrich’s ataxia
Define hyporeflexia and give some common causes:
Reflex below normal
- Lower motor neurone damage ie trauma, peripheral neuropathy, motor neurone disease
Define areflexia and give some common causes:
Absent reflex
- Late muscular dystrophy
- LMN damage ie trauma, peripheral neuropathy, MND
- Spondylosis
Define spasticity and give some common causes:
Increased muscle tone and reflexes
- Stroke
- Cerebral palsy
- MS
- Traumatic brain injury
Define bradykinesia and give some common causes:
Slow movement
- Parkinson’s disease
- Anti-psychotic ADR
Define palsy:
Paralysis and involuntary tremors
Define chorea and give some common causes:
Jerky involuntary movements of shoulders/hips/face
- Huntington’s disease
- Sydenham’s chorea (strep complication)
- Wilson’s disease
- Drugs ie Levodopa
- SLE
- Thyrotoxicosis
Which lobe is associated with speech recognition and memory?
Temporal lobe
Which lobe is associated with vision?
Occipital lobe
