1. Types of Digestive Systems and Organ Functions

Question 1

Def. Digestive process carried out by enzymes that the animal secretes into the digestive tract

Answer 1

Auto-enzymatic

Question 2

Def. Digestive processes are accomplished in large part by enzymes produced by microbes inhabiting the GIT, in addition to animal-derived secretions

Answer 2

Allo-enzymatic

Question 3

Auto-enzymatic examples?
Allo-enzymatic examples?

Answer 3

Auto: Humans, dogs, pigs, cats, poultry

Allo: Sheep, goats, cattle, deer, horse

Question 4

Def. Single compartment stomach, no modifications, inability to digest roughage efficiently

Answer 4

Monogastric

Question 5

Enzymes in swine saliva?

Answer 5

Salivary amalyse (starch digestion) and lingual lipase (hydrolyzes fats, milkfat digestion)

Question 6

Def. Muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach

Answer 6

Esophagus

Question 7

Two functions of stomach?

Answer 7

Storage and processing

Question 8

Four regions within the simple stomach?

Answer 8

Esophageal region: extension of esophagus
Cardiac region: mucus glands, protects stomach lining from being digested
Fundic region: major gastric secretions, chemical processing
Pyloric region: secretes the hormone gastrin which stimulates mucus and contractions

Question 9

____ may develop from excessive acid production of bacteria

Answer 9

Ulcers

Question 10

The Fundic region secretes _____

Answer 10

Hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells.
And Pepsinogen from the chief cells, which is later converted to pepsin when combined with HCl

Question 11

Three sections of the small intestine?

Answer 11

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

Question 12

Duodenum primary functions?

Answer 12

Recieve bile from the gall bladder, panreatic juices and enzymes, and secretes enzymes and enzyme activators

Question 13

The most active site of nutrient DIGESTION?

Answer 13

Duodenum mucosal epithelial glands (secrete enzymes)

Question 14

98% of bile is recycled back to the liver, synthesized by the liver, stored in the ____ ______.

Answer 14

Gall bladder

Question 15

What is bile made of?

Answer 15

Pigments, bile salts, and cholesterol

Question 16

The most active site of nutrient ABSORPTION?

Answer 16

Jejunum (ONLY SITE OF PROTEIN ABSORPTION)

Question 17

Functions of the Ileum?

Answer 17

Reabsorb bile, absorb any escaping nutrients.
Less active than duodenum and jejunum

Question 18

Three sections of the Large Intestine?

Answer 18

Cecum, colon, and Rectum

Question 19

Def. Largest section of the Large Intestine?

Answer 19

Colon

Question 20

Surface of colon doesn’t have villi but has cels called ___________ instead.

Answer 20

Colonocytes

Question 21

Purpose of the colon?

Answer 21

Primarily water and vitamin absorption, bacteria fermentation, secretes mucus and HCO3

Question 22

Def. Serves as a barrier between a site of absorption and outside offenders. Last section senses the pressure of the solidified residue and the need for defecation.

Answer 22

Rectum

Question 23

Def. Out-pocket of the esophagus, provides storage for consumed food, moistens and softens food

Answer 23

Crop

Question 24

Def. Gastric stomach of poultry, ingesta passes through rapidly, proceeds to gizzard

Answer 24

Proventriculus

Question 25

Def. Thick muscular wall for mechanical particle size reduction, grinds, primary site of mechanical digestion

Answer 25

Gizzard

Question 26

Major site of nutrient digestion and absorption in auto-enzymatic avian digestors and ruminants?

Answer 26

Small intestine

Question 27

Def. 2 blind pouches that slow the rate of passage and house microbial ecosystems. Controls infections

Answer 27

Ceca

Question 28

Primary site of infection with coccidia?

Answer 28

Ceca

Question 29

Def. Located at the terminal end of the large intestine is a chamber into which urinary and genital canals open

Answer 29

Cloaca

Question 30

Microbial activity is pre-gastric in _______ and post-gastric in ________.

Answer 30

Ruminants Horses and other non-ruminant herbivores

Question 31

Def. The process of regurgitation, re-mastication, re-salivation, and re-swallowing of food

Answer 31

Rumination

Question 32

Def. Mass of regurgitated ingesta; bolus

Answer 32

Cud

Question 33

Def. Enzymatic breakdown of nutrient substances by microorganisms

Answer 33

Fermentation

Question 34

Four components of a ruminant foregut?

Answer 34

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

Question 35

Def. Large hollow muscular compartment that extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis

Answer 35

Rumen (AKA THE FERMENTATION TANK)

Question 36

Primary microbial consortium of the rumen consists of?

Answer 36

Bacteria: provides vitamins, proteins, and energy Protozoa: degrade feed nutrients similar to bacteria Fungi: breaks down fiber Methanogens: reduce atmosphere and hydrogen sink

Question 37

Def. Primary energy source of the ruminant. This is their most important contribution to the ruminant

Answer 37

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)

Question 38

Def. The foremost region of the foregut; not completely separated from the rumen, near the esophageal opening

Answer 38

Reticulum

Question 39

Tissue of the reticulum is arranged like a _______

Answer 39

Honeycomb

Question 40

Def. Functions to channel milk directly to omasum and abomasum bypassing the underdeveloped rumen

Answer 40

Reticular groove

Question 41

Def. "butcher's bible" spherical organ filled with folds and studded with papillae. Located on the right side of the animal

Answer 41

Omasum

Question 42

Def. "true gastric stomach" in ruminants. Secretes gastric juices and enzymes

Answer 42

Abomasum

Question 43

Three sites of energy absorption in ruminants?

Answer 43

Rumen, small intestine, large intestine

Question 44

Def. Monogastric herbivore

Answer 44

Hindgut fermenter

Question 45

Hindgut fermenter small intestine is ___ ft in length and holds about ____ gallons

Answer 45

70 ft; 12 gallons

Question 46

HIndgut fermenters have no ________ because they did not evolve to be meat eaters and storage of bile was not needed

Answer 46

Gall bladder

Question 47

Large intestine of hindgut fermenters is composed of _____, _____, _____, _______.

Answer 47

Cecum, colon, small colon, and rectum

Question 48

Def. Contains active microbial ecosystem resulting in fermentation. (Hindgut fermenter)

Answer 48

Cecum and large colon

Question 49

Def. Primary area of water resorption

Answer 49

Small colon

Question 50

Hingut fermenters may practice ______ in protein limiting situations.

Answer 50

Caprophagy (consume feces)