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Cardiopulmonary 1 > 10-21-14 Autonomics > Flashcards

10-21-14 Autonomics Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent neurons handle

A

sensory input

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2
Q

Afferent neurons trigger responses at the ______ ____

A

Spinal cord

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3
Q

Efferent neurons handle

A

motor outflow

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4
Q

Where is a reflex processed in the ANS?

A

The brain, not the spinal cord as in the CNS

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5
Q

In an autonomic reflex arc, the ANS takes the place of the ____ in the CNS reflex arc

A

alpha motorneuron

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6
Q

Where specifically do reflexes occur in the ANS?

A

Lower brain levels - Brainstem, hypothalamus

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7
Q

Some of the things the ANS controls

A

Smooth muscle action, blood flow, glandular secretions

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8
Q

The ANS is the efferent arm of our reflexes that controls the ______

A

viscera

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9
Q

Where do outflowing ANS neurons synapse?

A

Outside of the CNS

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10
Q

How many neurons are usually involved in innervating an effector cell in the ANS?

A

2 neurons in series

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11
Q

The first neuron in the ANS is called the _____

A

pre-ganglionic neuron

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12
Q

Why does the Pre-ganglionic neuron start in the CNS?

A

It gets its message from the brain

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13
Q

Where does the pre-ganglionic neuron in the ANS end up?

A

a ganglion

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14
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A cluster of cell bodies

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15
Q

What happens at a ganglion in regards to ANS neurons?

A

the pre-ganglionic neuron synapses with the post-ganglionic neuron

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16
Q

Where does the post-ganglionic neuron end up?

A

the target organ

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17
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

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18
Q

What are the 3 ways to differentiate between the PS & S divisions of ANS?

A
  1. Where the pre-ganglionic fibers leave the CNS
  2. Location of ganglion
  3. Lengths of pre- and post-ganglionic axons
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19
Q

Describe the fiber lengths in parasympathetic nervous system

A

Preganglionic fibers - long

Postganglionic axon - short

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20
Q

Where is the ganglia in the PS nervous system?

A

On or near the target organ

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21
Q

Where does the Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axon leave the CNS?

A

Cranial and Sacral regions

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22
Q

Where do sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons leave the CNS?

A

Thoracic and lumbar region

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23
Q

Where is the ganglia located in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic chain, just outside the vertebral column

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24
Q

Describe the relationship between the pre- and post-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Short pre-ganglionic fibers

Long post-ganglionic axon

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25
The NT released by the pre-ganglionic fibers in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is the same, what is it? What is the receptor subtype?
Acetylcholine Nicotinic cholinergic
26
What facilitates an AP (very basic)
opening of Na+ channels
27
In the PS nervous system what does influx of Na through the nAchR cause?
EPSP -\> AP Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential
28
What does the post-ganglionic axon release in the PS NS?
acetylcholine
29
Describe the uniqueness of the synapses in the ANS
en passant Mailman throwing your mail into your yard, instead of placing it in your mailbox
30
Where are the vesicles located in the ANS?
the varicosities of the efferent synapse
31
Is the NT released by ANS nerves concentrated or diffuse?
diffuse, distributed to a broad area
32
The synapses of the ANS are not "protected". What are the implications of this?
The metabolites are detectable in the blood.
33
What type of receptor interacts with the post-ganglionic axon of the PS NS?
muscarinic
34
What are the G-protein coupled muscarinic receptors?
M2 M3 M4
35
Where is M2 active and what does it do
Cardiac Decreases cAMP-\>increased K+efflux (inhibits)
36
Where are M3 receptors found, and what do they do?
They do the same thing as M2, but are not restricted to Cardiac
37
Where are M4 glands found, and what do they do?
* Glands * Increase IP3/DAG -\> Increased Ca2+
38
What is the NT released by the post-ganglionic fiber in the sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine
39
Why are there so many types of a-adrenergic receptors?
Having different receptors allows the NE & ACh to do elicit different responses in different tissues
40
A-adrenergic receptor affinity for NE vs. Epinephrine
higher for NE
41
What do the 1a, 1b, and 1d a-adrenergic receptors do in the sympathetic nervous system?
increase IP3 and DAG -\> decreased K+ efflux
42
What do the 2a,2b,2c a-adrenergic receptors do?
Decrease cAMP -\> decreased Ca2+ and Increased K+
43
The three different subtypes of B-adrenergic all do the same thing, what do they do?
Increase cAMP
44
Compare the affinity of B-adrenergic receptors for Epinephrine and NE
Higher affinity for epinephrine
45
What is the sympathetic NT released at the post-ganglionic neuron?
Noradrenaline AKA norepinephrine
46
What type of receptors on the target organ interact with the sympathetic nervous system
Alpha or beta adrenergic receptors
47
(nor)epinephrine=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(nor)adrenaline
48
What produces epinephrine?
chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
49
The adrenal medulla is the equivalent of a __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
sympathetic ganglion
50
Where does the ANS specifically synapse in the adrenal medulla?
chromaffin cells
51
What NT acting at what receptor type tells the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine?
ACh acting at nicotinic receptors
52
epinephrine is released in the blood by chromaffin cells, what else is also released?
dopamine and norepinephrine (both are required to synthesize epinephrine)
53
General conditions of the body when parasympathetic system is more active
* sufficient O2 * Low HR * Low BP * Blood to intestines
54
Sympathetic system activation allows
Increased O2 intake More O2 to muscles Less blood to GI
55
Radial muscle of iris response to sympathetic activation is
* contraction -\> dilation of pupil * allows more light in
56
What receptor subtype is active in the Iris during sympathetic action
a-adrenergic
57
How is the ciliary muscle of the eye lens acted upon during sympathetic tone?
* Relaxes, which flattens the lens * Enhances focus on far objects
58
What receptor subtype is acted upon in the ciliary muscle during sympathetic innervation?
B2-adrenergic
59
What receptors are signalled in the heart by the sympathetic nervous system during fight or flight?
B1 &B2-adrenergic receptors
60
What do the B1 and B2 adrenergic receptors do when activated by the sympathetic ns in the heart?
Increase HR Increase strength of contraction
61
Fight or flight response in a-adrenergic receptors of blood vessels
vasoconstriction
62
Fight or flight response in b-adrenergic receptors of blood vessels
vasodilation
63
Most arteries and veins have both a, and b-adrenergic receptors. Why is this important?
Vasodilation - directs blood to skeletal muscle Vasoconstriction - shunts blood away from GI system to skeletal muscles
64
Why do some arterial systems only have a-adrenergic receptors?
Skin and mucosa- limit bleeding during flight or fight Salivary glands - dry mouth Brain - can choose whether its alpha receptors are active or not
65
What type of receptors are used in fight or flight response in bronchial smooth muscles?
B2 receptors Bronchodilation (makes it easier to get O2 in)
66
What does a1 activation do in bronchial glands?
decreases secretion
67
What does b2 activation result in in bronchial glands?
Humidifies air in lungs by increasing secretions
68
a1 and b activation in GI system during fight or flight results in?
decreased motility
69
a1 activation in GI sphincters results in \_\_\_\_\_
contraction
70
a2 activation in GI results in ______ \_\_\_\_\_
decreased secretions
71
How to increase energy in fight or flight
a1 and b2 receptors in liver a1, b1, b3 receptors in adipose tissue
72
a1 and b2 action in liver during fight or flight
increased glycogenolysis (breaking glucose molecules off of glycogen one at a time)
73
action of a1, b1, and b3 receptors in adipose tissue during fight or flight
increased lipolysis - (FFAs)
74
action of b2 adrenergics on heart
increase strength and rate of contraction (more blood)
75
Action of a-adrenergics on vasculature
vasoconstrict and send blood away
76
Action of b-adrenergics on vasculature
dilate and increase blood flow (more blood)
77
Action of B2-adrenergics on lungs
Bronchodilation (more air) Increased secretions (humidify more air)
78
Parasympathetic action on the heart and pupil
Heart - decreases HR, not contractile strength though Pupil - constriction via relaxation of radial muscle
79
Rest and digest state of ciliary muscle/lens
contraction, round for near vision
80
Rest and digest state for vasculature
vasodilation
81
Rest and digest action in GI
increased motility increased secretions relaxed sphincters
82
State of bronchial smooth muscle during rest and digest
contractions/gland secretion
83
What is the relationship between PS and S nervous systems during normal conditions?
a state of equilibrium. A lack of equilibrium is NOT healthy.
84
What is the brains role in the relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic tone?
The brain controls the fluctuations/"outflow" so that each organ gets the proper balance of PS & S tone.

Cardiopulmonary 1 (5 decks)

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