10: Anatomy - tasting, chewing and swallowing

Question 1

Which cranial nerve and division supplies the muscles of mastication?

Answer 1

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve - CN V₃

Question 2

What are the four muscles of mastication?

Answer 2

Masseter

Temporalis

Medial and lateral pterygoids

Question 3

larp - rotation of left and right vagus nerves into plexus around oesophagus

Question 4

Which muscles of mastication close the jaw?

Answer 4

Masseter

Temporalis

Medial pterygoid

Question 5

Which muscle of mastication opens the jaw?

Answer 5

Lateral pterygoid

Question 6

What is the origin and insertion of the temporalis?

Answer 6

Origin: CORONOID PROCESS of the mandible

Insertion: TEMPORAL FOSSA of the temporal bone

Question 7

What is the origin and insertion of the masseter?

Answer 7

Origin: ANGLE of the mandible

Insertion: ZYGOMATIC ARCH

Question 8

What is the origin and insertion of the lateral pterygoid?

Answer 8

Origin: CONDYLAR PROCESS of the mandible

Insertion: PTERYGOID PLATES of the sphenoid bone

Question 9

What is the origin and insertion of the medial pterygoid?

Answer 9

Origin: ANGLE of the mandible

Insertion: PTERYGOID PLATES of the sphenoid bone

Question 10

What is the only cranial nerve to attach to the pons?

Answer 10

CN V - Trigeminal nerve

Question 11

What is the third division of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 11

Mandibular division - CN V₃

Question 12

What does the mandibular division of the trigenimal nerve supply the mandible with?

Answer 12

Motor and sensory nerves

Question 13

Which hole, in the middle cranial fossa, transmits CN V₃?

Which bone is this hole found in?

Answer 13

Foramen ovale

Sphenoid bone

Question 14

What is the superior projection of vertebrae C2 called?

Answer 14

Dens / Odontoid process

Question 15

What is the proper name for the gums, found inferior to the lower dental arch?

Answer 15

Gingiva

Question 16

The tongue is split into an ___ 2/3rds and a ___ 1/3rd.

Answer 16

anterior 2/3rds

posterior 1/3rd

Question 17

The posterior of the tongue is (horizontal / vertical).

Answer 17

vertical

Question 18

Which cranial nerve provides general sensation (not taste) for the anterior 2/3rds of tongue?

Answer 18

CN V₃

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 19

Which cranial nerve provides taste for the anterior 2/3rds of tongue?

Answer 19

CN VII

Facial nerve

Question 20

Which cranial nerve provides general sensation and taste for the posterior 1/3rd of tongue?

Answer 20

CN IX

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 21

Which canal, just anterior to the jugular foramen, in the posterior cranial fossa, transmits the facial nerve (CN VII)?

Answer 21

Internal acoustic meatus

Question 22

Which hole is the termination of the facial canal and carries the facial nerve back into the cranial cavity?

Answer 22

Stylomastoid foramen

Question 23

CN VII (the facial nerve) supplies the muscles of facial expression. What is an example?

What else, GI-related, does the facial nerve supply?

Answer 23

Orbicularis oris (stops dribbling during eating)

Taste to anterior 2/3rds of tongue

Salivary glands (sublingual / submandibular)

Question 24

Which branch of CN VII connects it to CN V₃ so it can travel to the mandible and supply the salivary glands found there?

Answer 24

Chorda tympani

Question 25

Which cranial nerve supplies the general sensation for the inferior part of the oral cavity?

Answer 25

**CN V₃** Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 26

Which cranial nerve supplies the **superior** half of the **oral cavity** for general sensation?

Answer 26

**CN V₂** Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 27

What is the **gag reflex**?

Answer 27

**Protective reflex** which prevents foreign bodies (i.e stuff you don't want to eat) from entering the **larynx** or **pharynx**

Question 28

Which cranial nerve supplies the **sensory fibres** for the gag reflex?

Answer 28

**CN IX** Glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 29

Which **cranial nerveS** supply the **motor fibres** for the gag reflex?

Answer 29

**CN IX, X** Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve

Question 30

Why is anaesthetic required to perform endoscopy?

Answer 30

**Insertion of endoscope into oral cavity would trigger gag reflex** **Anaesthetic blocks cranial nerves responsible for gag reflex**

Question 31

What is **CN V₂?**

Answer 31

**MAXILLARY** division of the **trigeminal nerve**

Question 32

Name **CN V₂** and **V₃**_.

Answer 32

**V₂** - maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve **V₃** - mandibular division of ""

Question 33

Which hole in the sphenoid bone does **CN V₂** pass through?

Answer 33

**Foramen rotundum**

Question 34

Which cranial nerve connects with the **medulla** and is involved in the sensory AND motor part of the gag reflex?

Answer 34

**CN IX** **Glossopharyngeal nerve**

Question 35

Which holes, found near the foramen magnum, does **CN IX** pass through?

Answer 35

**Jugular foramen**

Question 36

What are the three pairs of salivary glands found in the oral cavity?

Answer 36

**Parotid glands** **Submandibular glands** **Sublingual glands**

Question 37

Where does the **parotid duct** secrete saliva in the oral cavity?

Answer 37

**Upper 2nd molars**

Question 38

Which duct, found in the floor of the mouth, secretes saliva from the **submandibular gland**?

Answer 38

**Lingual caruncle**

Question 39

Which cranial nerve supplies the parotid glands?

Answer 39

**CN IX** Glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 40

Which cranial nerve supplies the **submandibular** and **sublingual** **salivary glands**?

Answer 40

**CN VII** Facial nerve

Question 41

Which cranial nerve supplies the **tongue muscles**? Which tongue muscle is the only exception?

Answer 41

**CN XII** - Hypoglossal nerve ## Footnote **Palatoglossus**

Question 42

Most muscles of the tongue are supplied by the ___ nerve.

Answer 42

**hypoglossal** **CN XII**

Question 43

Which type of voluntary muscles are found in the pharynx?

Answer 43

**Constrictor muscles**

Question 44

Which cranial nerve supplies the **constrictor** muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 44

**CN X** Vagus nerve

Question 45

What is a **raphe**?

Answer 45

Ridge of continuous tissue (basically a big line of connections)

Question 46

Which structure acts as the **origin** and **insertion** for the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

Answer 46

**Pharyngeal raphe**

Question 47

Which muscles, found in the pharynx, constrict to **shorten** the pharynx and **close** the larynx during **swallowing**?

Answer 47

**Longitudinal muscles**

Question 48

Is the **initiation** of swallowing **voluntary** or **involuntary**?

Answer 48

**Voluntary**

Question 49

After the initiation, is swallowing **voluntary** or **involuntary**?

Answer 49

**Involuntary** **All or nothing process**

Question 50

What is the **upper oesophageal sphincter** also known as?

Answer 50

**Cricopharyngeus** muscle

Question 51

Do **parasympathetics** speed up peristalsis or slow it down?

Answer 51

**Speed up peristalsis**

Question 52

Do **sympathetics** speed up peristalsis or slow it down?

Answer 52

**Slow down peristalsis**

Question 53

At which vertebral level is the **cricopharyngeus** found?

Answer 53

**C6**

Question 54

At which vertebral level does the **oesophagus** start?

Answer 54

**C6** i.e the level of the cricopharyngeus

Question 55

Which heart chamber is the **oesophagus** in contact with?

Answer 55

**Left atrium**

Question 56

Why can left atrial hypertrophy cause dysphagia?

Answer 56

**Left atrium is contact with oesophagus, hypertrophy causes compression**

Question 57

Is the **lower oesophageal sphincter** an anatomical structure?

Answer 57

**No**

Question 58

Which muscle's contraction forms the **lower oesophageal sphincter**?

Answer 58

**Diaphragm**

Question 59

What may occur if the lower oesophageal sphincter fails?

Answer 59

**Acid reflux**

Question 60

What name is given to the abrupt change in the type of mucosa lining the oesophagus, just before the lower oesophageal sphincter?

Answer 60

**Z line**