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MBBCh 2- PHSL2004A > 10. Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

10. Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A
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2
Q

How does the nervous system act?

A
  • The nervous system acts by means of electrical signals (APs) to control the rapid response of the body.
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3
Q
  • Nerve and muscle cells =
A

= excitable tissue because they are able to produce electrical signals when excited.

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4
Q

What is the ANS?

A
  • Autonomic = self- governing
  • Regulates activities of systems not under voluntary control e.g. respiration, circulation, digestion, metabolism, sweating
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5
Q
  • ANS concerned with control of tagged tissues: (4)
A
  • Cardiac muscles
  • Smooth muscle in blood vessels & viscera
  • Glands
  • Helps maintain a constant internal body environment ( homeostasis)
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6
Q
  • Divided into two major anatomically districts divisions that have largely opposing actions: (2)
A
  • Sympathetic ( Thoracolumbar/ SNS)
  • Parasympathetic (craniosacral/ PNS)
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7
Q
  • Divided into two major anatomically districts divisions that have largely opposing actions: (2)
A
  • Sympathetic ( Thoracolumbar/ SNS)
  • Parasympathetic (craniosacral/ PNS)
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8
Q
  • importance of SNS & PNS:
A
  • Many commonly used medications (e.g medications for treating high BP, for regulating GIT function, or for maintaining a regular heart beat) have their major actions on nerves within these systems
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8
Q
  • importance of SNS & PNS:
A
  • Many commonly used medications (e.g medications for treating high BP, for regulating GIT function, or for maintaining a regular heart beat) have their major actions on nerves within these systems
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9
Q

Where are cell bodies of primary neurones/ presynaptic/ preganglionic neurones located?

A
  • Cell bodies of primary neurones/ presynaptic/ preganglionic neurones are located in the intermediolateral ( IML ) gray column of the spinal chord or in the brain stem nuclei.
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10
Q

What is the function of cell bodies of primary neurones/ presynaptic/ preganglionic neurones located? (2)

A
  • They send axons which are usually small-diameter, myelinated,relatively slow conducting B fibres to synapse with secondary/ postsynaptic/postganglionic neurones located in one of the autonomic ganglia.
  • From there, the postganglionic axon ( mostly unmyelinated C fibres) passes to its target
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11
Q
  • The autonomic outflow system projects widely to most _____ ______ and is not as highly focused as the somatic motor system.
A

target tissue

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12
Q
  • Because the postganglionic fibres outnumber preganglionic fibres by a ratio of ___:__ , a single preganglionic neurone may control the autonomic functions of a rather extensive terminal area
A

32:1

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13
Q

Comparison of the ANS with the somatic nervous system:

A
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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System:

A
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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System:

A
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16
Q

What is the autonomic nerve pathway?

A
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17
Q

Somatic nervous system - pathway to the effector organ:

A
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18
Q

Autonomic nervous system - Parasympathetic division, pathway to the effector pathway:

A
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19
Q

Autonomic nervous system - Sympathetic division, pathway to the effector pathway:

A
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20
Q

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Origin of fibres:

A
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21
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous
Origin of fibres:

A
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22
Q

Pathway to effector organs
PNS vs SNS:

A
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23
Q

Structural differences between SNS & PNS:

A
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23
Q

Structural differences between SNS & PNS:

A
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24
Q

Dual effector control: (2)

A
  • Systems have opposing effects
  • Antagonistic e.g. Heart: SNS increase HR, while PNS decrease HR
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25
Q

Define Tonically active:

A

Partially active always; balance between the two which results in more precise, fine control

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26
Q
  • Complementary SNS & PNS _______ e.g. salivary glands: PNS causes watery saliva, while SNS causes thick, viscous saliva
A

activation

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27
Q

SNS vs PNS functions:

A
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28
Q

What are neurotransmitters? (3)

A
  • substances released by synaptic terminals for the purpose of transmitting information from one nerve cell to another
  • Bind to post synaptic membrane receptors where they have an effect
  • important to ANS Acetylcholine (Ach) and noradrenaline (NA)
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29
Q

What are the functions of neurotransmitters?

A
  • change cell membrane permeability to ion (open/closes channels) increase Or decrease Enzyme attached to receptor (2nd messengers)
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29
Q

What are the functions of neurotransmitters?

A
  • change cell membrane permeability to ion (open/closes channels) increase Or decrease Enzyme attached to receptor (2nd messengers)
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30
Q

What are the receptors of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Different types of receptors so that organs can have different reactions to the same stimulus e.g fight or flight
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31
Q

Cholinergic receptors:
* Synaptic transmission mediated by ________ (Ach)

A

acetylcholine (Ach)

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32
Q

What are the types of Cholinergic receptors? (2)

A
  • Nicotinic Pre-post ganglionic
  • Muscarinic Postganglionic-end organ
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33
Q

Where are Cholinergic receptors found?

A
  • Always found between pre and post ganglionic neurones
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34
Q

True or false
All parasympathetic postganglionic neurones are also cholinergic

A

True, All parasympathetic postganglionic neurones are also cholinergic ie. Release Ach so must bind to Muscarinic receptors

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35
Q

True or false, not all sympathetic postganglionic fibres are adrenergic

A

False, most sympathetic post ganglionic fibres are adrenergic so act on alpha or beta receptors except sweat glands and post ganglionic neurones that end on blood vessels on some skeletal muscle

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36
Q

What are adrenergic receptors? (3)

A
  • Synaptic transmission mediated by noradrenaline or adrenaline
  • Alpha with subtypes a1 and a2
  • Beta with subtypes B1, B2, and B3
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37
Q

How are cholinergic fibres found in the parasympathetic system?

A
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38
Q

How are cholinergic fibres and adrenergic fibres found in the sympathetic system?

A
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39
Q

Comparison of SNS and PNS: (5)

A
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40
Q

How does the ACh synapse work? (3)

A
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40
Q

How does the ACh synapse work? (3)

A
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41
Q

How does the noradrenaline synapse work?

A
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42
Q

What are 2nd messengers?

A
  • An intracellular chemical that is activated by the binding of an extra cellular 1st messenger to a surface receptor site, triggering a pre- programmed series of biochemical events that alter activity of intracellular proteins controlling a particular cellular activity
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43
Q

2nd messengers examples: (2)

A
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
  • Inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)
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44
Q

How does the first messenger (neurotransmitter) utilize a cellular response?

A
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44
Q

How does the first messenger (neurotransmitter) utilize a cellular response?

A
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45
Q

Neurotransmitter: ACh
Receptor:
2nd messenger:
Increased/decreased:

A
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45
Q

Neurotransmitter: ACh
Receptor:
2nd messenger:
Increased/decreased:

A
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46
Q

Neurotransmitter: NA
Receptor:
2nd messenger:
Increased/decreased:

A
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47
Q

How do IP3 and DAG work?

A
48
Q

How does cAMP work?

A
49
Q

Effect of receptors on 2nd messengers:
- a1 receptors: (4)

A
50
Q

Effect of receptors on 2nd messengers:
- a2 receptors: (3)

A
50
Q

Effect of receptors on 2nd messengers:
- a2 receptors: (3)

A
51
Q

Effect of receptors on 2nd messengers:
- B1 receptors: (2)

A
51
Q

Effect of receptors on 2nd messengers:
- B1 receptors

A
52
Q

Effect of receptors on 2nd messengers:
- B2 receptors: (3)

A
53
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
Blood vessels:
* SNS: B2 (NA) = (2)

A
  • SNS: B2 (NA) = vasodilation (increased blood flow to heart & skeletal muscles)
  • Regulation is achieved by or the firing rate above or below the tonic level in sympathetic fibres
54
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
Blood vessels:
* SNS: a1 (NA) = (2)

A
  • SNS: a1 (NA) = vasoconstriction (decreased blood flow to skin, organs, and gut)
  • Regulation is accomplished by or the firing rate above or below the tonic level in sympathetic fibres
55
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
Sweat glands -
* Apocrine sweat glands: (4)

A
56
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
Sweat glands -
* Eccrine sweat glands: (5)

A
57
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
Eye - PUPIL
* Radial muscle of the iris: (3)

A
  • SNS (a1) Contraction
  • Dilation of the pupil Let’s more light in
  • Sphincter/ circular muscle does not respond to NA, but responds to Ach
58
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
Eye - PUPIL
* Ciliary muscle: (2)

A
  • SNS (B2) —> Relaxation of the ciliary muscle
  • Zonular fibre/ suspenders ligaments pulled tight —> Flattens lens —-> for distant vision
59
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
Eye - PUPIL
* Ciliary muscle: (2)

A
  • SNS (B2) —> Relaxation of the ciliary muscle
  • Zonular fibre/ suspenders ligaments pulled tight —> Flattens lens —-> for distant vision
60
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
Lungs (B2): (2)

A
  • bronchodilation
  • decreased mucous secretion
61
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
Urinary bladder: (2)

A
  • relaxes bladder wall (B2) —> Can hold more urine
  • contracts sphincter (a1) —-> Inhibits micturition pathway
62
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
GIT/stomach (a1, a2): (3)

A
63
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
Kidneys: (2)

A
64
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
Kidneys: (2)

A
65
Q

SNS effects on specific targets
B3 receptors: (2)

A
  • in adipose tissue
  • increase in cAMP
66
Q

SNS specific effects
Neurotransmitter: NA
Tissue: Heart Muscle, SA node
Receptor:
2nd messenger:
Effect:

A
67
Q

SNS specific effects
Neurotransmitter: NA
Tissue: Bronchioles, BV (skeletal muscle), Bladder wall & GIT
Receptor:
2nd messenger:
Effect:

A
68
Q

SNS specific effects
Neurotransmitter: NA
Tissue: Arteries, Bladder sphincter, Apocrine sweat glands & salivary glands
Receptor:
2nd messenger:
Effect:

A
69
Q

SNS specific effects
Neurotransmitter: ACh
Tissue: Eccrine sweat glands
Receptor:
2nd messenger:
Effect:

A
70
Q

PNS effects on specific targets
Gall bladder:

A
  • Contraction to release bile
71
Q

PNS effects on specific targets
Urinary bladder:

A
  • Pathway through which micturition reflex occurs Sphincter relaxation —-> + bladder wall contraction
72
Q

PNS effects on specific targets
Stomach/GIT: (3)

A
73
Q

PNS effects on specific targets
Rectum & Anus:

A
  • pathway through which defecation reflex occurs
74
Q

PNS effects on specific targets
Rectum & Anus:

A
  • pathway through which defecation reflex occurs
75
Q

PNS specific effects
Neurotransmitter: ACh
Tissue: Heart - SA node
Receptor:
2nd messenger:
Effect:

A
76
Q

Neurotransmitter: ACh
Tissue: Smooth muscle - GIT, bronchioles, bladder wall, bladder sphincter
Receptor:
2nd messenger:
Effect:

A
77
Q

Neurotransmitter: ACh
Tissue: Salivary glands, GIT glands, Mucous (bronchi)
Receptor:
2nd messenger:
Effect:

A
78
Q

Comparison of SNS and PNS target organs:

A
79
Q

How are the lungs involved in the PNS and SNS?

A
80
Q

What is the anatomy of an asthma attack?

A
81
Q

How are the heart, peripheral blood vessels, adrenal gland and sweat glands involved in the PNS and SNS?

A
82
Q

How is the liver, gall bladder, pancreas and GIT involved in the PNS and SNS?

A
83
Q

How is the bladder involved in the PNS and SNS?

A
84
Q

How are the eyes (iris muscle - pupil diameter) involved in the PNS and CNS?

A
85
Q

Target Tissue: Heart
Sympathetic response
Neurotransmitter released:
Post-synaptic receptor:
Tissue response:

Parasympathetic response
Neurotransmitter released:
Tissue response:

A
86
Q

Target Tissue: Blood vessels
Sympathetic response
Neurotransmitter released:
Post-synaptic receptor:
Tissue response:

Parasympathetic response
Neurotransmitter released:
Tissue response:

A
87
Q

Target Tissue: Adrenal gland
Sympathetic response
Neurotransmitter released:
Post-synaptic receptor:
Tissue response:

Parasympathetic response
Neurotransmitter released:
Tissue response:

A
87
Q

Target Tissue: Adrenal gland
Sympathetic response
Neurotransmitter released:
Post-synaptic receptor:
Tissue response:

Parasympathetic response
Neurotransmitter released:
Tissue response:

A
88
Q

Target Tissue: Sweat glands
Sympathetic response
Neurotransmitter released:
Post-synaptic receptor:
Tissue response:

Parasympathetic response
Neurotransmitter released:
Tissue response:

A
89
Q

Target Tissue: Lungs
Sympathetic response
Neurotransmitter released:
Post-synaptic receptor:
Tissue response:

Parasympathetic response
Neurotransmitter released:
Tissue response:

A
90
Q

Summary of ANS control of specific target organs: READ & STUDY (1)

A
91
Q

Summary of ANS control of specific target organs: READ & STUDY (2)

A
92
Q

What is an agonist/stimulant/mimetic? (2)

A
  • substance that activates receptor = agonist/stimulant/mimetic
  • Enhances ANS response + binds NT receptors & mimics NT
93
Q

What is an antagonist/blocker? (3)

A
  • substances that inhibit receptor = antagonist, blocker
  • depresses AND response + binds NT receptor & blocks NT
  • does not elicit a response
94
Q

What is an antagonist/blocker? (3)

A
  • substances that inhibit receptor = antagonist, blocker
  • depresses AND response + binds NT receptor & blocks NT
  • does not elicit a response
95
Q

What is an agonist?

A
  • Chemicals (ligands) that binds to receptors to activate them —-> Cellular response & mimics actions of NTs
96
Q

What is an antagonist? (2)

A
  • Blocker
  • chemicals (ligands) that bind to receptors to prevent the actions of agonists —-> No cellular response
97
Q

Pharmacology & Ach synapse
Nicotinic Agonist:
Muscarinic agonist:

A
98
Q

Pharmacology & Ach synapse process:

A
99
Q

Pharmacology & Ach synapse:
Nicotinic Antagonist -
Muscarinic Antagonist -

A
100
Q

Pharmacology & Ach synapse:
ACh inhibitors:

A
101
Q

Pharmacology & NA synapse
Agonists:

A
102
Q

Pharmacology & NA synapse
Blockers:

A
103
Q

Pharmacology & NA synapse
Stimulants:

A
104
Q

Pharmacology & NA synapse
Reuptake inhibitors:

A
105
Q

Pharmacological interventions
Pharmacological Agent: Beta Blocker
Signs & symptoms:
Used to treat:

A
106
Q

Pharmacological interventions
Pharmacological Agent: Alpha Blocker
Signs & symptoms:
Used to treat:

A
107
Q

Pharmacological interventions
Pharmacological Agent: Muscarinic agonist
Signs & symptoms:
Used to treat:

A
108
Q

Pharmacological interventions
Pharmacological Agent: Anticholinesterase
Signs & symptoms:
Used to treat:

A
109
Q

Pharmacological interventions
Pharmacological Agent: Anticholinesterase
Signs & symptoms:
Used to treat:

A
110
Q

Pharmacological interventions
Pharmacological Agent: Beta Agonist
Signs & symptoms:
Used to treat:

A
111
Q

Pharmacological interventions
Pharmacological Agent: Alpha Agonist
Signs & symptoms:
Used to treat:

A
112
Q

Pharmacological interventions
Pharmacological Agent: Non-specific adrenergic agonist (adrenaline)
Signs & symptoms:
Used to treat:

A
113
Q

Pharmacological interventions
Pharmacological Agent: Muscarinic blocker
Signs & symptoms:
Used to treat:

A
114
Q

Diseases
Horner’s syndrome:

A
  • Lesions of cervical parts of sympathetic chain produces characteristic signs on ipsilateral side of face
115
Q

Diseases
* Enophthalamos —>

A

Slight retraction of globe of eye Paralysis of smooth muscle

116
Q

Diseases
* Ptosis —->

A

Drooping of eyelid —-> Paralysis of smooth muscle part of lavatory palpebrae

117
Q

Diseases
* Miosis —–>

A

Constricted pupils —-> Unopposed PNS action

118
Q

Diseases
* Anhidrosis —->

A

Loss of sweating —> Over the half of face and neck

119
Q

What is Pheochromocytoma?

A
  • Catecholamine-secreting tumour
    Mostly increased NA
120
Q

Pheochromocytoma:
HR:
BP:

A
121
Q

Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma: (3)

A
122
Q

Pheochromocytoma:
What are the consequences of Long term increased In catecholamines? (6)

A

MBBCh 2- PHSL2004A (19 decks)

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