10 Communicable diseases Flashcards

(32 cards)

1
Q

What is a pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the 4 types of pathogens + examples

A
  • Bacteria = tuberculosis (TB)

-virus = HIV/ AIDS , influenza

-Protoctista = malaria

-Fungi = ring worm, athletes foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a vector

A

carries the pathogen from one host to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do bacteria do (4)

A

-infect host
-multiply rapidly
-causes damage to cells
-releasing waste products and toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do viruses do (4)

A

-invade cells
-take over genetic machinery
-manufacture more viruses
-host cells burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

subcutaneous infection

-how the infection takes place
-how its transmitted
-an example

A

occurs by direct implantation of spores into the skin via a puncture wound

by contact with soil or plant material

porotrichosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

systematic infection

-how the infection takes place
-how its transmitted
-an example

A

occurs deep inside the body, often starting in the lungs and spreading to other parts of the body

usually through inhalation of spores

histoplasmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cutaneous infection

-how the infection takes place
-how its transmitted
-an example

A

occurs when fungi break down the protein keratin in hair, skin , nails

by contact with an infected person or spores

tinea pedis (athletes foot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the direct ways that a pathogen can be passed on (4)

A

-direct physical contact
-faecal oral
-droplet infection
-spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the indirect ways/way that a pathogen can be passed on.

A

via a vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is ring rot in plants and its effect (3)

A

-Bacteria disease of potatoes, tomatoes and aubergines caused by the gram positive bacterium, clartbacter mithiganeusis. Can destroy up to 80% of the crop and there is no cure.

infects a field

field cannot be used for at least 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and its effect (5)

A

-infects tobacco plants + 150 other species such as tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers

-damages, leaves, flowers + fruit

-stunts growth

-reduces yield

-spreads via vectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is black sigatoka and its effect (5)

A

-banana disease

-caused by fungus

-attacks + destroys leaves

-penetrates + digests the cells, turning leaves black

-can cause a 50% reduction in yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is blight and its effect (3)

A

-potatoes + tomatoes

-spreads by wind as spores

-only grows (notice it) in warm + humid conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Physical defences against plant pathogens (5)

A

-cellulose cell walls
-lignin
-waxy cuticle
-bark
-stomatal closure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Human primary defences (7)

A

-lysome in tears (salty)
-bronchi, mucus, cilia
-gut acid
-rapid pH changes
-Low pH and commensals of vagina
-skin
-commensals

17
Q

3 rapid expulsive reflexes

A

coughing
sneezing
vomiting

18
Q

info card how does blood clot ( 8 steps)

A

-Damage to blood vessel exposes collagen
-platelets bind to exposed collagen; release clotting factor
-platelet plug is formed
-inactive thrombokinase is activated due to clotting factors
-active thrombokinase and Ca2+ turns prothrombin into active thrombin (an enzyme)
-Active thrombin catalyses the reaction of soluble fibrogen into fibrin (insoluble)
-insoluble fibrin fibres attach to platelets in platelet plug
-a clot is formed (red blood cells + platelets are trapped )

19
Q

what cells recognise the pathogen

20
Q

what do the lymphocytes recognise

21
Q

what’s an antigen

A

unique shaped molecules

22
Q

what 4 types of cells can be detected by lymphocytes

A

-pathogens (bacteria, fungi virus)

-cells from other organisms of same species

-abnormal body cells

-toxins

23
Q

how do many different types of lymphocytes do you have in your body and why

A

10 million

each one can recognise different shaped antigens

24
Q

why do you not have lymphocytes complementary to your own cells?

A

When you are a foetus, since you are unlikely to be exposed to any cells that are not your own, any lymphocytes complementary to the antigens on your body their production will be stopped.

25
when you have some lymphocytes complementary to your own cells what's it called
autoimmune disease
26
why is a new flu vaccine have to be created each year and what's it called (7 steps)
-pathogen DNA mutates frequently -if a mutation occurs in the gene coding for the antigen, then the shape of the antigen will change -previous immunity is no longer effective -memory cells in blood will have a memory of the old antigen shape -lymphocytes no longer work for flu -known as ANTIGEN VARIABILITY -only will a new effective lymphocyte be created once a natural or artificial infection has occurred
27
in exam questions what would describe mean for a graph VS explain
Describe -what the pattern is -e.g. negative correlation Explain (expand or elaborate) -say WHY -explain the biology of why there is a negative correlation
28
what do Tcells and Bcells do +full names (what type of cell)
T cells = T lymphocytes -respond to antigen B cells = B lymphocytes -produce antibodies
29
how are pathogens detected and the response given until antibodies are released (6 steps)
- pathogen detected by its unique antigens -phagocyte engulfs the pathogen -phagocyte displays the antigens on its surface to a T helper cell (T lymphocyte) -T helper cell produce interleukins that activate the B cells (B lymphocytes) -B cells divide by mitosis -B cells differentiate into plasma cells which synthesize and release antibodies
30
what are interleukins
its a communication hormone that acts as a cell signalling molecule to activate B cells
31
what an antibody works
The antibodies has a Y shaped glycoproteins called immunoglobulins which bind to a specific antigen on the pathogen/ toxin specific antibody for each antigen
32
how antigens actually work
Antigen- antibody complexes cause pathogens/ toxins to clump together, so a phagocyte can engulf a number of pathogens/ toxins at the same time antibodies act as anti-toxins by binding to the toxins produced making them harmless.