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PSYCH 102 > 10 - Emotion and Motivation > Flashcards

10 - Emotion and Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Emotion (or affect - affective disorder = emotion based disorder)

A

an immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thoughts

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2
Q

Primary emotions

A

Emotions that are innate, evolutionarily adaptive, and universal (shared across cultures)
- associated with specific physical states

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3
Q

Secondary emotions

A

blends of primary emotions
ex. remorse, quilt, submission, anticipation

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4
Q

Feelings

A

the subjective experience of the emotion, not the emotion itself (ex. feeling scared)

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5
Q

Mood

A

long-term emotional states
- do not have an identifiable trigger or specific behavioural and psychological response

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6
Q

Alexithymus

if it’s so common, why is it not very visible?

A

a disorder in which people do not experience emotion’s subjective component
- usually comorbid with something else ex. autism or something that would be more visible than alexithymus

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7
Q

Circumplex model

arousal

A
  • how activating an emotion is (brain and body activation)
  • physiological activation (ex. increased brain activity) or increased autonomic responses (ex. quick heart-rate, sweating, muscle tension)
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8
Q

Circumplex model

valence

A

how negative or positive an emotion is

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9
Q

circumplex model of emotion

A
  • emotions categorized by valence and arousal
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10
Q

How does the insula play a role in emotional experience?

A
  • receives and integrates somatosensory signals from the whole body
  • awareness of bodily states
  • particularly active when people experience disgust
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11
Q

How does the amygdala play a role in emotional experience?

A
  • relay between sensory systems and systems responsible for behavioural, autonomic, and hormonal responses
  • processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioural reactions
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12
Q

What are some affects of a damaged amygdala in relation to emotional experience?

A
  • difficulty judging the intensity of fearful expressions and reacting to them
  • when they do distinguish the difference, they likley won’t use that information anyways
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13
Q

How does the amygdala help with long-term memory?

A
  • emotional events are likely to increase activity in the amygdala and increased activity is likely to improve long-term memory for the event
  • modifies how the hippocampus consolidates memory
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14
Q

amygdala

Q: when wading in the ocean, you sense a dark figure under the water, so you freeze. When you realize it is your own shadow and not a shark, you relax. How did the fast and slow paths for visual info contribute to your emotional response?

A

2 ways info reaches the amygdala:
The first path processes info instantly (resulting in the fear respose) and the second path is more deliberate and thorough (reassures you it’s just your shadow)

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15
Q

Theories of emotion

Common Sense Theory

A

body responds to emotion

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16
Q

theories of emotion

James-Lange Theory

A

bodily response causes emotional response (ex. seeing the bear causes your heart to race, and you perceive your racing heart as fear)
- believed there were patterns

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17
Q

theories of emotion

Canon-Bard Theory

A
  • mind + body experience emotions independently
  • bodily response (hormones through the bloodstream) is slower than cognitive response (neural impulses)
  • believed there were too many emotions for them each to have a pattern
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18
Q

theories of emotion

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

A
  • physiological response to all emotional stimuli is essentially the same
  • arousal is interpreted differently based on the situation and the given label (people feel the need to search for the source of arousal and identify it)
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19
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

idea that you can activate an emotion by molding your facial muscles into the associated expression

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20
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

Misattribution of arousal

A

when people misidentify the source of their arousal

21
Q

Q: What are two common, but unhelpful, ways that people try to control their emotions?

A

suppression and rumination

22
Q

Why are emotions adaptive?

(4)

A
  • prepare and guide behaviour
  • provide info about the importance of a stimuli
  • guide us in learning social rules
  • expressive emotions - communicate feelings to others
23
Q

what is the difference between Darwin and Ekman’s idea on whether emotion is cross-cultural

A

Darwin: believed emotions were innate and understandable between all cultures

Ekman: believes that facial expressions and what they signify are learned socially and vary from culture to culture

24
Q

Display Rules

A

rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable in given situations
- govern how and when people exhibit emotions

25
Q

Ideal Affect

A
  • different cultures may value different emotional expressions
  • ideal affect: refers to the types of emotions that cultures value and encourage people to display
26
Q

Motivation

A
  • a process that energizes, guides, and maintains behaviour toward a goal
27
Q

What are the 4 qualities of motivation/motives

A

1) energizing - activate or arouse behaviour
2) directive - guides behaviour towards a goal
3) persistant - ex. continually hungry until you act on it
4) differs in strength - some things motivate stronger than others

28
Q

Athymhormia Syndrome

A

complete loss of motivation

29
Q

Clark Hull

Needs

A
  • a state of biological, social, or psychological deficiency
  • gives rise to arousal
30
Q

Maslow

Need Hierarchy

A

Maslow’s arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs

30
Q

Maslow

self-actualization

A

a state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams and aspirations have been attained

31
Q

What are some problems with Maslow’s theory?

A
  • probably not hierarchal
  • no empirical support (hard to run studies on it)
  • quite Western (western societies are much more individualistic but this theory wouldn’t really apply to more collectivist societies)
31
Q

Clark Hull

Drive

A

psychological state that motivates an organism to satisfy needs by creating arousal

31
Q

Clark Hull

Arousal

A

a generic increase in physiological behaviour

32
Q

Physiological Homeostasis

A

the tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium

33
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

The psychological principle that performance on challenging tasks increases with arousal up to a moderate level. After that, additional arousal impairs performance
- too much or too little arousal isn’t good
- people differ in optimal level of arousal depending on their set-point (ex. Jessey has a high set-point for optimal arousal)

34
Q

what are the 4 steps of a negative feedback loop

A

1) system variable: the characteristic to be regulated
2) set point: optimum value of the system variable
3) detector: monitors the value of a system variable
4) correctional mechanism: process to reset system variable back to its set point

35
Q

Incentives

A

external stimuli that motivates behaviour (rather than internal drives)

36
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

performance motive, goal oriented

37
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

doing something because it brings you joy

38
Q

Approach motivation

A

motivates people to seek out things that make them feel good or that are adaptive (ex. X-ring)

39
Q

Avoidance motivation

A

motivates people to avoid things that may result in negative outcomes

40
Q

self-efficacy

A

the belief that efforts toward a goal will result in success

41
Q

self-efficacy

achievement need

A

the desire to do well
- varies between people

42
Q

self-regulation

A

how people control their behaviour to achieve life goals

43
Q

Q: When anxious, what type of social environment do people normally prefer and why?

A

they prefer to be around other people (preferably people who are anxious as well)

Social comparison theory: people observe others to see if they are responding to information appropriately

44
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

the unpleasant feeling of being aware of holding two conflicting beliefs or a belief that conflicts with a behaviour

45
Q

self-affirmation

A

a need for a sense of self that is coherent and stable

46
Q

core values

A

strongly helf beliefs about the enduring principles that are most important and meaningful. Values promote emotions and actions when they are aroused or threatened

PSYCH 102 (8 decks)

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