[10] ENERGY METABOLISM Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
- The capacity to do work.
- Chemical energy locked in foodstuffs
A
Energy
2
Q
METABOLSIM
- ____
- The chemical process of transforming foods into ____ and of transforming ____.
A
- “Metabolismos”
- The chemical process of transforming foods into complex tissue elements and of transforming complex body substances into simple ones.
3
Q
METABOLISM
- All types of changes that occur in food nutrients after they have been absorbed from ____ and to the ____ involved in utilizing these nutrients.
- The total ____ that takes place in the body.
A
- All types of changes that occur in food nutrients after they have been absorbed from GIT and to the cellular activity involved in utilizing these nutrients.
- The total chemical and biological processes that takes place in the body.
4
Q
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY OF FOOD
- From Latin word ‘calor’ - heat
- The standard unit in measuring heat.
A
Calorie
5
Q
CALORIE
- By-products when ____ are oxidized in the body
- Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of ____
A
- By-products when carbohydrates, protein and fats are oxidized in the body
- Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water to 1°C
6
Q
- From Chilioi (french)-thousand & Calor (latin)-heat meaning large calorie
- Measure of energy in the metabolism of food
A
Kilocalorie
7
Q
ATWATER OR PHYSIOLOGIC FUEL (CALORIC) VALUES OF FOOD
- 4 cal/ gm of CHO = ____
- 9 cal/ gm of Fat = ____
- 4 cal/ gm of CHON = ____
- 1 cal = ____
A
- 4 cal/ gm of CHO = 17J
- 9 cal/ gm of Fat = 38J
- 4 cal/ gm of CHON = 17J
- 1 cal = 4.184 Joules
8
Q
EXAMPLE CALCULATION
A slice of cake which contains 3 gm CHON, 1 gm fat and 15gm CHO will provide the following Kcal:
- 3gm CHON x ____ = ____
- 1gm fat x ____ =____
- 15gm CHO x ____ = ____
Total : ____
A
A slice of cake which contains 3 gm CHON, 1 gm fat and 15gm CHO will provide the following Kcal:
- 3gm CHON x 4 cal = 12 cal
- 1gm fat x 9 cal = 9 cal
- 15gm CHO x 4 cal = 60 cal
Total : 81 cal
9
Q
EXAMPLE CALCULATION
Get the percentage of Kcal from the nutrient:
- 12 cal from CHON/ 81 cal = ____
- 9 cal from fat/81 cal = ____
- 60 cal from CHO/ 81 cal = ____
A
Get the percentage of Kcal from the nutrient:
- 12 cal from CHON/ 81 cal = 14.8%
- 9 cal from fat/81 cal = 11.1%
- 60 cal from CHO/ 81 cal = 74.0%
10
Q
The energy expended by an individual in 24 hours
A
TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE (TEE)
11
Q
TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE (TEE)
- ____ = largest portion (60% to 65%)
- ____ = smallest component (10%)
- ____ = most variable component
A
- REE or basal metabolism = largest portion (60% to 65%)
- Thermic effect of food (TEF) = smallest component (10%)
- Physical activity (PA) = most variable component
12
Q
MEASURING HUMAN ENERGY EXPENDITURE
- Monitors the amount of heat produced by a person placed inside a structure called whole-room calorimeters
A
Direct Calorimetry
13
Q
DIRECT CALORIMETRY
- Measures the amount of ____ taken in and the ____ given off by means of a respirometer, the amount used is correlated with ____
A
- Measures the amount of oxygen taken in and the carbon dioxide given off by means of a respirometer, the amount used is correlated with body heat production
14
Q
COMPONENTS OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE
- ____
- ____
- ____
A
- Basal Metabolic Rate
- Physical Activitity
- Thermic Effect of Food
15
Q
Amount of energy required to carry on vital body processes when the body is at rest
A
BASAL METABOLISM
16
Q
BASAL METABOLISM
- Also called ____ (REE)
- Example: metabolic activities of cells & tissues to maintain ____
A
- Also called ENERGY EXPENDITURE FOR INVOLUNTARY ACTIVITIES or RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE (REE)
- Example: metabolic activities of cells & tissues to maintain homeostasis of body systems
17
Q
- Measurement of the basal metabolic rate
- Expression of the number of calories used hourly in relation to the surface of the body
A
BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)
Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE) or REE
18
Q
BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)
- Usually expressed as ____
- Approximation in Adult: ____
A
- Usually expressed as kilocalories per 24 hours (kcal/24 hr)
- Approximation in Adult: 1 kcal per kg of body weight per hour (1 kcal/kg DBW/hr)
19
Q
FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
- Major single determinant: fat-free mass (FFM) or lean body mass (LBM)
- Athletes with greater muscular development = 5% higher BMR than nonathletic individuals
- Large proportion of inactive adipose tissue lowers the BMR
A
BODY COMPOSITION
20
Q
BODY COMPOSITION
- Major single determinant: ____
- Athletes with greater muscular development = ____ than nonathletic individuals
- ____ lowers the BMR
A
- Major single determinant: fat-free mass (FFM) or lean body mass (LBM)
- Athletes with greater muscular development = 5% higher BMR than nonathletic individuals
- Large proportion of inactive adipose tissue lowers the BMR
21
Q
FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
- Highest during periods of rapid growth = first and second years of life
- BMR declines during old age 5% decrease per decade (40-58 yrs)
- 10% decrease per decade (60-69 & 70 and above)
A
AGE
22
Q
AGE
- Highest during periods of rapid growth = ____
- BMR declines during ____
- ____ (60-69 & 70 and above)
A
- Highest during periods of rapid growth = **first and second years of life **
- BMR declines during old age 5% decrease per decade (40-58 yrs)
- 10% decrease per decade (60-69 & 70 and above)
23
Q
FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
Tall, lean man – higher metabolism
A
BODY SIZE & SURFACE AREA (HEIGHT)
24
Q
FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
Women have 5-10% lower BMR than men
A
SEX
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Women have ____ BMR than men
Women have **5-10% lower** BMR than men
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# FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
* Thyroid gland -> Hyperthyroidism -> increase basal energy needs (50-75%)
* Hypothyroidism -> decrease Thyroxine by 10% during sleep
* Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system -> release of epinephrine -> glyconeolysis and increased cellular activity
* Increase EE during menstruation (150Kcal/day)
ENDOCRINE GLANDS / HORMONAL STATUS
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# ENDOCRINE GLANDS / HORMONAL STATUS
* Thyroid gland -> Hyperthyroidism -> increase ____
* Hypothyroidism -> decrease ____
* Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system -> release of epinephrine -> ____
* Increase EE during ____
* Thyroid gland -> Hyperthyroidism -> increase **basal energy needs (50-75%)**
* Hypothyroidism -> decrease **Thyroxine by 10% during sleep**
* Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system -> release of epinephrine -> **glyconeolysis and increased cellular activity**
* Increase EE during **menstruation (150Kcal/day)**
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# FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
* BMR is increased by 20-25%
* Increase in EE
* Approx. 15-20 kcal/kg of body weight per day
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
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# PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
* BMR is ____
* Increase in ____
* Approx. ____ of body weight per day
* BMR is **increased by 20-25%**
* Increase in **EE**
* Approx. **15-20 kcal/kg** of body weight per day
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# FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
* Increase body temp = 7% rise above 98.6 F
= 13% for each degree above 37 C
- Decreased temp = BMR increases
BODY TEMPERATURE
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# BODY TEMPERATURE
* Increase body temp = ____
= ____
- Decreased temp = ____
* Increase body temp = **7% rise above 98.6 F**
= **13% for each degree above 37 C**
- Decreased temp = **BMR increases**
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# FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
* Low BMR: obesity, starvation, fasting, hypothyroidism, undernutrition
* Increased BMR: hyperthyroidism, cardio-renal diseases
* Acute infection in infants and young children: inc. caloric req’t by 25-40%
STATE OF NUTRITION/BODY CONDITION
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# STATE OF NUTRITION/BODY CONDITION
* Low BMR: ____
* Increased BMR: ____
* ____ in infants and young children: inc. caloric req’t by ____
* Low BMR: **obesity, starvation, fasting, hypothyroidism, undernutrition**
* Increased BMR: **hyperthyroidism, cardio-renal diseases**
* **Acute infection** in infants and young children: inc. caloric req’t by **25-40%**
34
# FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
* People living in tropical climates usually have BMRs that are 5% to 20% higher than those living in temperate areas
* Exercise in temperatures >86°F (30°C)
= 5% increase in BMR and sweat gland activity.
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
35
# ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
* People living in tropical climates usually have BMRs that are ____ than those living in temperate areas
* Exercise in temperatures ____
= ____ increase in BMR and sweat gland activity.
* People living in tropical climates usually have BMRs that are **5% to 20% higher than those living in temperate areas**
* Exercise in temperatures **>86°F (30°C) **
= **5%** increase in BMR and sweat gland activity.
36
# FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
* Increase in EE above basal needs
PHYSICAL OR MUSCULAR ACTIVITY
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# FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
* Barbiturates, narcotics, and muscle relaxants decrease the metabolic rate
DRUGS
38
# FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
Decrease BMR by 10% to 15%
SLEEP
39
Used for Calculation of BMR
Harris Benedict Formula
40
# HARRIS BENEDICT FORMULA
For males:
* REE = ____
For females:
* REE = ____
For males:
* REE = **66.5 + (13.5 x wt. in kg.) + (5 x ht. in cm.) – (6.75 x age in yr.)**
For females:
* REE = **655.1 + (9.56 x wt. in kg.) + (1.85 x ht. in cm) – (4.68 x age in yr.)**
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* Most variable and most changeable component
* Approx. = 10% - bedridden,
= 50% - athlete
* Includes voluntary exercise and involuntary activities
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
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# PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
* Most variable and most changeable component
* Approx. = ____ - bedridden,
= ____ - athlete
* Includes ____ and ____
* Most variable and most changeable component
* Approx. = **10%** - bedridden,
= **50%** - athlete
* Includes **voluntary exercise and involuntary activities**
43
* The significant elevation of the metabolic rate following ingestion of a meal.
* When food is ingested, digested, absorbed and metabolized, basal metabolism is increased by 10%.
THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD (TEF)
| SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION (SDA)
44
# THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD (TEF) / SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION (SDA)
* The significant ____ following ingestion of a meal.
* When food is ingested, digested, absorbed and metabolized, basal metabolism is increased by ____
* The significant **elevation of the metabolic rate** following ingestion of a meal.
* When food is ingested, digested, absorbed and metabolized, basal metabolism is increased by **10%**
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# ESTIMATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
* Adult male : ____
* Adult female : ____
* Adult male : **2000 – 3000 kcal**
* Adult female : **1400 – 3000 kcal**
46
# ESTIMATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
Most frequently used
KRAUSE METHOD
47
# KRAUSE METHOD
Total Energy Requirement (TER) = ____
Total Energy Requirement (TER) = **Desired Body Weight (DBW) x Level of Activity**
48
# KRAUSE METHOD
* Bed Rest = ____
* Sedentary = ____
* Light = ____
* Moderate = ____
* Heavy = ____
* Bed Rest = **27.5 kcal/kg DBW/hr**
* Sedentary = **30 "**
* Light = **35 "**
* Moderate = **40 "**
* Heavy = **45 "**
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* ____ - secretary, typist, administrator, cashier, bank teller
* ____ - housewife w/o maid, vendor, mechanic, jeepney, and car driver
* ____ - farmer, laborer, "kargador", coal miner, heavy equipment operator
* ____ - teacher, nurse student, lab technician, housewife w/ maids
* **Sedentary** - secretary, typist, administrator, cashier, bank teller
* **Moderate** - housewife w/o maid, vendor, mechanic, jeepney, and car driver
* **Heavy** - farmer, laborer, "kargador", coal miner, heavy equipment operator
* **Light** - teacher, nurse student, lab technician, housewife w/ maids
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