10. Neoplasia 4 Flashcards
(50 cards)
What are the most common types of cancer in adults?
breast, lung, prostate and bowel carcinomas
all epithelium - labile tissues
What are the most common types of cancer in children (<14)?
Leukaemias, CNS tumours and lymphomas
Which cancer is the biggest cause of cancer-related deaths?
Lung cancer
Which cancers have the lowest 5-year survival rates?
Pancreatic, lung and oesophageal cancers
Which cancers have the highest 5-year survival rates?
Testicular, melanoma, breast cancer and prostate
What factors should you consider when predicting cancer outcome?
Age, general health and comorbidities, tumour site, tumour type, grade, stage and availability of treatments
What does tumour stage measure?
Tumour burden
What staging system is the commonest?
TMN
What is the advantage of using TMN over other staging methods?
Its standardised across the world
What things do T, M and N measure?
T = size of primary tumour (T1-T4) N = regional node metastasis M = metastatic spread
Which cancers are staged using the Ann-arbor staging system?
Lymphomas
What are the principles of the Ann-arbor staging system?
I = lymphoma in single node region II = 2 separate regions on same side of diaphragm III = spread to both sides of diaphragm IIII= diffuse involvement of one or more extra-lymphatic organs - bone marrow or lung
Which cancers are assessed using Dukes staging?
Colorectal carcinoma
Outline the principles of Dukes staging.
A -invasion into but not through bowel
B - invasion through bowel wall
C- involves lymph nodes
D- distant metastasis
What does tumour grade describe?
Degree of differentiation
What grading system is used for breast carcinoma?
Bloom Richardson
How is the Bloom Richardson system used?
G1 - well differentiated to G4 - anaplastic
What 3 things does the bloom richardson system assess?
- Mitosis number
- Tubule formation
- Nuclear variation
When is adjuvant therapy given?
Given after surgical removal to eliminate subclinical micromets
When is neoadjuvant therapy given?
Given prior to surgery to reduce the size of a primary tumour.
What is usually the curative treatment of cancer?
Surgical removal
How is radiation therapy given, what is the significance of this?
Fractionated doses - minimise damage to normal tissues
How does radiation therapy work?
X-rays or other ionising radiation are used to kill rapidly dividing cells either by direct or free-radical induced DNA damage that is detected by cell cycle checkpoints, triggering apoptosis.
What are the 4 types of chemotherapy drugs?
Alkylating agents and platinum-based drugs
Antibiotics
Antimetabolites
Plant-derived drugs
