100% Exams

Question 1

Professor Rita Guerra

Answer 1

Intercultural contact and the dynamics of acculturation

Question 2

Topics

Answer 2

1. Intergroup contact
2. Acculturation theory and Mutuality in acculturation
3. Intergroup factors and acculturation

Question 3

Intergroup contact

Intro;
Predjudice through contact (Allport, 1954, p. 281)

Answer 3

“Prejudice (…) may be reduced by;

1. equal status contact between majority and minority groups on the pursuit of common goals. 2. contact is sanctioned by institutional support( effect greatly enhanced
2. it is of a sort that leads to the perception of common interests &
3. common humanity between the members of the two groups”

Question 4

Effects of Contact

Answer 4

Contact between different cultural groups has positive
effects, provided certain conditions
effects

Question 5

(SIIE) 4 conditions for positive effect of contact

Answer 5

Equal status in the contact situation
Shared goals
Intergroup cooperation (interdependence )
Institutional / authorities support

Question 6

Types of Contact

Answer 6

Quantity : frequency of interaction (how often we meet, talk, shop, socialize with)

Quality: nature of interaction (how positive, negative, friendly, …)

Question 7

contact definition

Answer 7

contact theory how

Question 8

contact theory meaning

Answer 8

+ “meaningful” contact – prejudice

stronger when conditions are met

Question 9

contact theory how

Answer 9

• Anxiety + knowledge - Threat + empathy, Changes group norms , Changes social categorization

Question 10

contact theory how

Answer 10

Perceived inclusive norms +
cross group friendships
Classroom norms promoting
tolerance & respect: children
\+ positive attitudes
( Thijs, et al., 2014)

Question 11

contact theory how

Answer 11

Changes social categorization:
from Us vs Them to inclusive WE
(Gaertner, Dovidio, Guerra, Hehman, & Saguy, 2016)

Question 12

Contact Theory: whom /Status asymmetry

Answer 12

contact works better for;
1. majorities/high status groups
than for minorities

Question 13

Contact Theory: when/ Typicality

Answer 13

less effective when
outgroup members seen as very
atypical of their group
(Binder et al., 2009; for a review see Brown & Hewstone, 2005

Question 14

Contact Theory: when/Positive–Negative Asymmetry: -

Answer 14

contact increases prejudice / avoidance more so
than positive reduces it.
+ encounters more frequent than -
encounters

Question 15

Contact Theory: when/Positive–Negative Asymmetry: -

Answer 15

Anger & anxiety: key factors explaining
negative contact effects 
- contact: mobilized LGBT students for
collective action vs + contact mobilized
heterosexual students

Question 16

Forms of Contact

Answer 16

“measures or interventions
based on the principles of
intergroup contact (Allport,
1954), but which do not involve a face-to-face intergroup interaction.”
Segregated settings, scarce
opportunities for contact
Intractable conflicts

Question 17

Extended contact

Answer 17

knowing that ingroup members have outgroup friend: + attitudes and
willingness to engage in contact

Question 18

Sub type: Vicarious contact “direct

Answer 18

observation of a positive interaction
between ingroup and outgroup
members, …. acquire new responses,
or modify the existing ones”

Question 19

Imagined Contact

Answer 19

“the mental simulation of a social interaction with an outgroup member”: + positive interactions, +
comfortable, - anxiety; + self-efficacy ”.

Question 20

Imagined Contact

Answer 20

Imagining contact with Gypsy people, or
Japanese people: - dehumanization, +
support for human rights, + positive
behavioral intentions

Question 21

E-Contact

Answer 21

“computer mediated contact involving an engagement of self in the intergroup relationship”
(White and Abu-Rayya, 2012(p. 598).

Synchronous/real time text-based interaction mediated by online technology.

a bridge between distal,
indirect forms of intergroup contact and direct, FtF intergroup contact

Question 22

“Dual-Identity, Electronic-Contact” (DIEC):

Answer 22

Muslim & Christian students (religiously segregated schools), interacted text-only
chat forum, 8 weeks.
Worked together: how aspects of their religious beliefs/practices could help
create an environmentally sustainable Australia: - intergroup bias, - anxiety,
after 12 months
White et al.’s (2014)

Question 23

Indirect Contact – limitations ?

EC

Answer 23

authority figure
shared group membership emphasized
little opportunity for direct contact
repeated sessions / variety of contexts
IC
positive interaction
not confirm negative stereotypes
group membership salient
elaborate / more vivid scrip

Question 24

chicago definitin

acculturation is to be distinguished from culture change, of which it is
but one aspect, and assimilation, which is at times a phase of acculturation

Answer 24

phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with
subsequent changes in the original culture patterns of either or both groups…

Question 25

Berry, 2005 “The dual process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between two or more cultural groups and their individual members.

Answer 25

At the group level, it involves changes in social structures and institutions and in cultural practices. At the individual level, it involves changes in a person’s behavioral repertoire – psychological acculturation”

Question 26

acculturation stress

Answer 26

``` The variation in and intensity of this stress rests heavily on the similarities or dissimilarities of the host culture and new entrants. e,g personal xters gender, age, sex education, skills n values langauge psychological spritual strenghts AND the political and social attitudes of the hots culture ```

Question 27

Acculturation Defined

Answer 27

socialization: the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture the process of assimilating new ideas into exhisting congnitive structure

Question 28

Acculturation as assimilation

Answer 28

minorities expected to let go elements of their native culture, and adopt culture of their new country of settlement (Gordon, 1964)

Question 29

2 measures of acculturation Unidimensional approach: One-directional irreversible process on single continuum:

Answer 29

adopting new values, beliefs, norms and bhvr of new pop parts of the native culture are discarded, elements of the mainstream culture are adopted

Question 30

Bidimensional measure

Answer 30

Individuals can successfully develop competency within more than one culture: adherence to each of the 2 cultures

Question 31

how do people acculturate | Two key questions:

Answer 31

1. To what extent do people wish to maintain their heritage culture and identity? 2. To what extent do people wish to have contact with those who are outside their group and participate with them in the daily life of the larger society?

Question 32

Cultural Maintenance / Contact-Participation how? 2 principles

Answer 32

the extend to which an individual/groups value and wish to maintain the xters of their cultural identity

Question 33

Contact-Participation how?

Answer 33

the extend which an individuals value and seek to contact members outside their own grps and wish to participate in the daiaily life of the larger socitey

Question 34

relationships sought among grps

Answer 34

intergration seperation assimilation marginaliztion

Question 35

attidudes of larger society

Answer 35

multiculturalism melting pot segration

Question 36

Predict adaptation outcomes minority group members:

Answer 36

acculturative stress, | mental & physical health, wellbeing.

Question 37

Best outcomes obtained with Integration, | worst outcomes with Marginalization,

Answer 37

Separation & Assimilation yielding | outcomes of intermediate favorability

Question 38

acculturation in terms of values VS acculturation in terms of culture

Answer 38

i.e., concern what is desirable, identification with one’s own and other cultural groups – biculturalism (Huynh, Nguyen, & Benet-Martinez, 2011),

Question 39

terms of culture

Answer 39

culture maintenance taps people’s attitudes toward certain cultural practices of their group

Question 40

acculturation in terms of values

Answer 40

While contact taps intentions to interact & form relationships with members of the outgroup (Ward & Kennedy, 1994, Bourhis et al., 1997)

Question 41

Replace contact dimension:

Answer 41

measuring how much ethnic minority members value culture adoption of dominant ground

Question 42

when is integration preferred

Answer 42

when defined in terms of contact than in terms of culture adoption

Question 43

Berry's model

Answer 43

* focused on immigrant perspective only * Contact vs Culture Adoption * i

Question 44

Berry's model

Answer 44

.ignores context and intergroup relations dynamics between migrant groups and receiving society (next class) .No “best” strategy (later today) • acculturation strategy as a “choice” 53

Question 45

Interactive Acculturation Model | Bourhis et al., 1997

Answer 45

proposes that relational outcomes are the product of the acculturation orientations of both the host majority and immigrant groups as influenced by state integration policies.

Question 46

IAM Interactive Acculturation Model

Answer 46

harmonious/consensual, problematic, and conflictual relational outcomes between immigrants and members of the host community . likely to occur

Question 47

CAM Concordance Acculturation Model

Answer 47

``` Harmonious: concordance positive &effective communication, positive intergroup attitudes, low stress, low discrimination. ```

Question 48

CMA Concordance Acculturation Model

Answer 48

``` Harmonious: concordance positive &effective communication, positive intergroup attitudes, low stress, low discrimination. ```

Question 49

CMA Concordance Types | Harmonious:

Answer 49

``` positive &effective communication, positive intergroup attitudes, low stress, low discrimination. ```

Question 50

Problematic/Conflictual/ partial concordance

Answer 50

``` - communication; - stereotypes; discriminatory behaviors, acculturative stress ```