Practice 2 Flashcards
The first four steps of the scientific method are as follows:
I.Identify the problem.
I.Ask questions.
I.Develop a hypothesis.
IV. Collect data and experiment on that data.
Which of the following is the fifth step in the scientific method? A. Observe the data. B.Analyze the results. C. Measure the data. D. Develop a conclusion
B: There are six steps in the scientific process, the fifth of which is “Analyze the results” (the results of the experiments that were conducted in step four). The results of step four must be analyzed before reaching the final step, “Develop a conclusion
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the use of qualitative and quantitative data in scientific research
A. Quantitative data is collected through numerical measurements.
B. Quantitative data is more accurate than qualitative data.
c. Qualitative data is focused on perspectives and behavior.
D. Qualitative data iscollected through observation and interviews.
B: The two types of measurement important in science are quantitative (when a numerical resul is used) and qualitative (when descriptions or qualities are reported). Qualitative data is collected through observation and interviews, and focuses on the informant’s behavior and perspectives. Both qualitative and quantitative data are equally important in scientific research, and when combined and analyzed together provide a full picture of the focus of the question at hand. Additionally, both qualitative and quantitative data can be accurate, or may be skewed by bias, therefore both should be thoroughly analyzed.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of the corresponding physiologic structure?
A. The trachea connects the throat and the stomach, encouraging food to follow this path through contractions.
B. The esophagus is the cylindrical portion of the respiratory tract that joins the larynx with the lungs.
C. The diaphragm is a muscle that controls the height of the thoracic cavity, decreasing the height on contraction, and increasing the height on relaxation causing expiration.
D. The epiglottis covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway
D: The epiglottis covers the trachea during swallowing, thus preventing food from entering the airway. The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a cylindrical portion of the respiratory tract that joins the larynx with the lungs. The esophagus connects the throat and the stomach. When a person swallows, the esophagus contracts to force the food down into the stomach. Like other structures in the respiratory system, the esophagus secretes mucus for lubrication. The diaphragm is a muscle that controls the height of the thoracic cavity, increasing the height on contraction (inspiration), and decreasing the height on relaxation (expiration)
Which of the following is an example of the location and function of cartilage in the body?
A. The dense connective tissue that comprises the better part of the structural skeleton.
B. The supportive pads that provide cushion at joints, such as between the vertebrae of the spinal cord.
C. The connective structure made of fibrous collagen that connects muscles and bones, such as the connection of the patella to the quadricep.
D. The layer beneath the skin and on the outside of internal organs that provides cushioning and protection.
B: The pads that support the vertebrae are made up of cartilage. Cartilage, a strong form of connective tissue, cushions and supports the joints. Cartilage also makes up the larynx and the outer ear. Bone is a form of connective tissue that comprises the better part of the skeleton. It includes both organic and inorganic substances. Tendons connect the muscles to other structures of the body, typically bones. Tendons can increase and decrease in length as the bones move. Fat is a combination of lipids; in humans, fat forms a layer beneath the skin and on the outside of the internal organs.
Two criteria for classifying epithelial tissue are: A. cell type and cell function. B. cell shape and cell type. C. cell layers and cell shape. D. cell function and cell layers
C: Cell layers and cell shape are the criteria for classifying epithelial tissue. Cell layers refers to the amount of cells that separate the basement membrane from the surface, such as a simple single layer, a stratified layer (2 or more), or a pseudostratified layer. Cell shapes refer to the shape of the outer cells and can be squamous, columnar or cuboidal.
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
A. On the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland, on the posterior aspect.
B. On the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland, on the posterior aspect.
C. On the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland, on the anterior aspect.
D. On the left lateral lobe of the thyroid gland, on the anterior aspect.
A: The parathyroid gland is located on the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland in the neck, on the posterior aspect. It is part of the endocrine system. When the supply of calcium in blood diminishes to unhealthy levels, the parathyroid gland motivates the secretion of a hormone that encourages the bones to release calcium into the bloodstream. The parathyroid gland also regulates the amount of phosphate in the blood by stimulating the excretion of phosphates in the urine.
How many organ systems are in the human body? A. 12 B. 15 C. 9 D. 11
D: There are 11 organ systems in the human body: circulatory, digestive, endocrine, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, and urinary.
Which element or structure within the respiratory system is responsible for removing foreign matter from the lungs? A. Bronchial tubes B. Cilia C. Trachea D. Alveoli
B: The cilia are the tiny hairs in the respiratory system that are responsible for removing foreign matter from the lungs. The cilia are located within the bronchial tubes, but it is the cilia that have the responsibility for removing inappropriate materials before they enter the lungs.
Organized from highest to lowest, what is the hierarchy of the human body’s structures is as follows: organism, organ systems, organs, tissues. Which of the following comes next?
A. Organs, cells, tissues, molecules, atoms.
B. Organ system, organism, organ, cells, tissues, atoms, molecules.
C. Organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, molecules, atoms.
D. Organism, organ, cells, tissues, molecules, atoms.
C:The order of hierarchy of human body structures is as follows: Organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, molecules, and atoms. Muscles are types of tissues, so muscles do not have a separate place in the hierarchy but instead fall within the types of tissues.
On average, how many neutrons does one atom of bromine (Br) have? A. 35 B. 44.90 C. 45 D. 79.90
B: To determine the average number of neutrons in one atom of an element, subtract the atomic number from the average atomic mass. For Bromine (Br), subtract its atomic number (35) from its average atomic mass (79.9) to acquire the average number of neutrons, 44.9
On average, how many protons does one atom of zinc (Zn) have? A. 30 B. 35 C. 35.39 D. 65.39
A: The number of protons is the same for every atom of a given element and is the element’s atomic number: in this case, 30 for Zinc (Zn).
Which statement below correctly describes the movement of molecules in the body and/or in relation to the external environment?
A. Osmosis is the movement of a solution from and area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
B. Diffusion is the process in the lungs by which oxygen is transported from the air to the blood.
C. Dissipation is the transport of molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration, requiring energy.
D. Reverse osmosis is the movement of molecules in a solution from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
B: In the lungs, oxygen is transported from the air to the blood through the process of diffusion, in which molecules passively move from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Specifically, the alveolar membranes withdraw the oxygen from the air in the lungs into the bloodstream. Osmosis is the passive movement of a water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a permeable membrane. Reverse osmosis is the active transport of water opposite the concentration gradient from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. Dissipation is a more general reference of the spread or loss of energy
Which gland is responsible for the regulation of calcium levels? A. The parathyroid glands B. The pituitary gland C. The adrenal glands D. The pancreas
A: The parathyroid glands are four small glands that sit on top of the thyroid gland and regulate calcium levels by secreting parathyroid hormone. The hormone regulates the amount of calcium and magnesium that is excreted by the kidneys into the urine
Which statement matches the function to the organ of the digestive system?
A. The large intestine reabsorbs water into the body to form solid waste.
B. The duodenum is the middle section of the small intestine in which acids, fat, and sugar are absorbed.
C. The jejunum is the first part of the small intestine that receives chyme from the stomach and further digests it prior to entering the large intestine.
D. The gallbladder produces insulin to assist in the transport of sugars from the blood to the organs
A: The large intestine’s main function is the reabsorption of water into the body to form solid waste. It also allows for the absorption of vitamin K produced by microbes living inside the large intestine. The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine that receives partially digested food from the stomach, also called chyme, further digesting it with the help of enzymes released by the gall bladder, before it enters into the small intestine. The pancreas (not the gall bladder) releases insulin to assist in the removal and transport of sugar in the body. The jejunum is the second portion of the small intestine in which amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars are absorbed.
In your garden, you noticed that the tomato plants did better on the north side of your house than the west side and you decided to figure out why. They are both planted with the same soil that provides adequate nutrients to the plant, and they are watered at the same time during the week. Over the course of a week, you begin to measure the amount of sunlight that hits each side of the house and determine that the north side gets more light because the sunlight is blocked by the house’s shadow on the west side. What is the name of the factor in your observations that affected the tomato plants growth? A. The control B. The independent variable C. The dependent variable D. The conclusion
B: The conclusion was that the amount of sunlight received by the plants was affecting their growth. The independent variable was the amount of light that was given to the plants and could have been manipulated by the experimenter by moving the plants or adding equal parts of light. No control was used in this experiment.
Which of the following describes one responsibility of the integumentary system?
A. Distributing vital substances (such as nutrients) throughout the body
B. Blocking pathogens that cause disease
C. Sending leaked fluids from cardiovascular system back to the blood vessels
D. Storing bodily hormones that influence gender traits
B: The integumentary system includes skin, hair, and mucous membranes, all of which are responsible-in part, at least-for blocking disease-causing pathogens from entering the blood stream. The circulatory system distributes vital substances through the body. The lymphatic system sends leaked fluids from the cardiovascular system back to the blood vessels. The reproductive system stores bodily hormones that influence gender traits.
When are the parasympathetic nerves active within the nervous system?
A. When an individual experiences a strong emotion, such as fear or excitement.
B. When an individual feels pain or heat.
C. When an individual is either talking or walking.
D. When an individual is either resting or eating
D: The parasympathetic nerves are active when an individual is either resting or eating. The sympathetic nerves are active when an individual experiences a strong emotion, such as fear or excitement. Feeling pain and heat fall under the responsibility of the sensory neurons. Talking and walking fall under the responsibility of the ganglia within the sensory-somatic nervous system.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the circulatory system and the integumentary system?
A. Removal of excess heat from body.
B. Hormonal influence on blood pressure.
C. Regulation of blood’s pressure and volume
D. Development of blood cells within marrow.
A: The integumentary system (i.e., the skin, hair, mucous membranes, etc.) coordinates with the circulatory system to remove excess heat from the body. The superficial blood vessels (those nearest the surfaceof the skin) dilate to allow the heat to exit the body. The hormonal influence on blood pressure is the result of the relationship between the circulatory system and the endocrine system. The urinary system is responsible for assisting in the regulation of blood’s pressure and volume. The skeletal system is responsible for assisting in the development of blood vessels within the marrow.
Which of the following statements describes the path of blood entering into the heart?
A. Blood enters the heart through the pulmonary vein, into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
B. Once the right ventricle is full, blood exits into the pulmonary artery and then empties into the left ventricle.
C. After traveling through the lungs, oxygenated blood enters into the left atrium, then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle.
D. Once the left ventricle is full, the left tricuspid valve shuts, the ventricle contracts, and blood exits through the aorta
C: Blood returns to the heart from both the inferior and superior vena cava, entering into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, and into the right ventricle. Once the right ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve closes, and upon heart contraction, the blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery, becoming oxygenated in the lungs. The blood returns to the heart from the lungs through the pulmonary vein, into the left atrium, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle. When the left ventricle is ful, the mitral valve closes, and the heart contracts and distributes the newly oxygenated blood throughout the body through the aortic valve and into the aorta
