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Question 1

What are the layers of the GI Tract?

Answer 1

• Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscularis
• Serosa

Question 2

Mucosa contains epithelium and glands that secrete what?

Answer 2

GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide
CCK: choleystokinin

Question 3

What type of neurons are in the submucosa?

Answer 3

Autonomic neurons are within the Meissner’s plexus

Question 4

What nervous system innervates the myenteric plexus?

Answer 4

Autonomic innervation

Question 5

What is serosa?

Answer 5

Connective tissue that line the surface of the organ

Question 6

What are the phases of swallowing?

Answer 6

• Oral phase: voluntary
• Pharyngeal phase: voluntary
• Esophageal phase: involuntary

Question 7

What enzyme is within saliva that helps to break down carbs?

Answer 7

salivary amylase

Question 8

Salivary glands are innervated by what branch of the nervous system?

Answer 8

Parasympathetic

Question 9

What muscle will prevent movement of food into the nasal cavity?

Answer 9

Superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx

*uvula also assists to direct food

Question 10

When the UES closes what should open?

Answer 10

LES

Question 11

Peristalsis is initiated by

Answer 11

Stretch receptors

Question 12

The cricopharyngeal muscle helps with what function

Answer 12

Closes the UES during inspiration

Question 13

What part of the stomach produces the most acid?

Answer 13

Body

Question 14

What is the Z line of the esophagus?

Answer 14

A demarcation line, the squamocolumnar (SC) junction or “Z-line”, represents the normal esophagogastric junction where the squamous mucosa of the esophagus and columnar mucosa of the stomach meet

Question 15

How long does food hang out in the stomach?

Answer 15

About 3 hours on average (depends on food type)

Question 16

The stomach is impermeable to water, but will absorb what?

Answer 16

NSAIDs and ETOH

Question 17

What cells cause rhythmic depolarization going toward the pylorus to mix the food

Answer 17

Pacemaker cells

Question 18

The increased pH caused by food hitting the stomach will cause what response?

Answer 18

More gastric juice to be produced

Question 19

What hormone will decrease motility and emptying during the intestinal phase in the stomach?

Answer 19

Cholecystokinin

Question 20

What hormone will slow gastric juice release during the intestinal phase in the stomach?

Answer 20

Somatostatin

Question 21

What helps to release gastric acid?

Answer 21

Histamine

Question 22

Where is the vomiting center located?

Answer 22

Medula - will induce deep breathing and close to the epiglottis

Question 23

What cells secrete hydrochloric acid?

Answer 23

Parietal cells

Question 24

What is the role of hydrochloric acid?

Answer 24

Breaks down food
Breaks up proteins into amino acids

Question 25

Where is bile produced?

Answer 25

Liver

Question 26

Bile is released with pancreatic enzymes through what sphincter?

Answer 26

Sphincter of Oddi

Question 27

What hormone stimulates bile production?

Answer 27

Secretin

Question 28

What cell type makes up a bulk of the pancreas?

Answer 28

Acini cells

Question 29

What breaks down starches and glycogen?

Answer 29

Amylase

Question 30

What is included within the small intestine?

Answer 30

Includes the deuodenum, jejunum, ilium

Question 31

What is the primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absoprtion?

Answer 31

Small intestine

Question 32

What ligament separates the duodenum from the jejunum?

Answer 32

Treitz ligament

Question 33

What portion of the small intestine accepts chyme from the stomach?

Answer 33

Duodenum

Question 34

What is the function of enterocytes?

Answer 34

Cover the small intestine and help with absorption and secretion of mucus Readily absorb water and nutrients --> absorb into venous system and return to portal venous system

Question 35

Where is magnesium absorbed?

Answer 35

Jejunum and ilium

Question 36

What is the largest solid organ?

Answer 36

Liver

Question 37

What ribs protect the liver?

Answer 37

7-11

Question 38

Does the liver cross the midline?

Answer 38

Yes, it crosses the midline into the LUQ and epigastric region

Question 39

What are the lobes of the liver?

Answer 39

- Right (Anterior) - Left (Anterior) - Caudate lobe (posterior) - Quadrate lobe (posterior)

Question 40

What ligament comes off the falciform to support superiorly to the diaphragm?

Answer 40

Coronary ligament

Question 41

What is the functional unit of the liver?

Answer 41

Liver lobule

Question 42

Can hepatocytes regenerate?

Answer 42

YES!!

Question 43

What are sinusoids?

Answer 43

Located within the liver lobule, they are capillaries between the hepatocytes that receive both arterial and venous blood

Question 44

Where do sinusoids drain into?

Answer 44

Central vein --> hepatic vein --> IVC

Question 45

What hormone will prompt release of bile to break down fat?

Answer 45

Cholecystokinin

Question 46

Is the bile more acidic or alkaline?

Answer 46

Alkaline - helps small intestine with emulsifying and absorbing fats

Question 47

What normally determines osmotic pressure?

Answer 47

Sodium

Question 48

What substance results from the breakdown of proteins?

Answer 48

Ammonia

Question 49

The head of the pancreas receives blood from what artery?

Answer 49

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA)

Question 50

The body/tail of the pancreas receives blood from what artery?

Answer 50

Branches off of the splenic artery

Question 51

Lipase breaks down

Answer 51

Fat

Question 52

Amylase breaks down

Answer 52

Carbs