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VPTox > Topic 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

Study of the movement/transformation of drug substances through body compartments.
Actions of the body on drug
Refers to the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination.
Determines the conc. of drugs in body tissues & fluids over time

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2
Q

What are the processes of pharmacokinetics?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Elimination
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3
Q

State the routes of drug administration.

A
  1. Enteral (by mouth)
    - oral
    - sublingual (placement under tongue –> diffuse into capillary network)
  2. Parenteral (by injection)
  3. Others
    - Inhalational
    - Intranasal
    - Topical
    - Transdermal
    - Rectal
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4
Q

What is the most common route of drug administration?

A

Oral route

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5
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of administering drugs through the oral route?

A

Advantages

  • Easy to administer
  • Limit the number of infections by parenteral

Disadvantages

  • Low bioavailability due to first-pass effect by liver
  • Absorption is affected by GI environment (e.g. gastric acid, food)
  • Slow onset of action
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6
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

Fraction of drug that reaches the blood in a chemically unchanged form

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7
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of administering drugs through the sublingual route?

A

(Drug absorbed through oral mucosa)

Advantages

  • Avoid first-pass effect in liver
  • Higher bioavailability than oral route
  • Rapid absorption –> fast onset of action

Disadvantage
- Can only administer small quantity of drug

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8
Q

What are the different injection routes for drug administration?

A
  1. Intravenous (IV)
  2. Intramuscular (IM)
  3. Intradermal (ID)
  4. Subcutaneous (SC)
  5. Intraperitoneal (IP)
  6. Epidural
  7. Intrathecal
  8. Intracerebroventicular (ICV)
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9
Q

What is the drug effect of IV route injection?

A
  • Inject directly into a vein
  • Bioavailability = 1
  • Fastest onset of action
    (Intravenous)
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10
Q

What is the drug effect of IM route injection?

A
  • Inject into a muscle
  • Drug stored in deep muscle layer & released slowly
  • Slow onset but prolonged effect
    (Intramuscular)
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11
Q

What is the drug effect of ID route injection?

A

- Injection into the skin
- Absorption is slower than IM (intramuscular)
- Greatest reaction in local tissue
- Clinically used for testing for allergic conditions
(Intradermal)

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12
Q

What is the drug effect of SC route injection?

A
  • Inject into the fatty layer of tissue below skin
  • slower onset of action than IV
    (Subcutaneous)
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13
Q

What is the drug effect of IP route injection?

A
  • Inject into intraperitoneal cavity
  • Risk of adhesions & puncture of organs
  • Hardly used with human –> only when normal routes are not available/practical
  • Most common routes for rodents used in research
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14
Q

Where is epidural used in?

A
  • Injection into the space outside the dura mater (meninges)

- Used in spinal anaesthesia

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15
Q

What are the advantages of epidural?

A
  • Systemic side effects minimizedc

- Drugs are more targeted to CNS (e.g. acute CNS infection)

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16
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of drug administration through the parenteral route?

A

Advantages

  • Avoids first-pass effect in liver
  • High bioavailability

Disadvantages

  • Cannot be recalled (irreversible)
  • Contamination leading to infections
  • Too rapid delivery causes adverse reactions
17
Q

What is the inhalational route for drug administration and what are the advantages & disadvantages?

A
  • Deep breathing-in of administered drug into respiratory tract
  • Commonly used for asthma treatment

Advantages

  • Fast onset of action
  • Systemic side effects minimized

Disadvantages
- Proper technique of using inhaler & nebulizer is required to ensure correct dosage is administered

18
Q

What drugs are administered directly into nose?

A
  • Nasal sprays
  • Nasal drops
  • Nasal ointment
19
Q

What are topical applications and what can they be used for?

A
  • Drug applied directly to affected areas
  • Ensures local effect of drug
  • Ear infection
  • Eye infection
  • Skin infection
20
Q

What is the rectal route for drug administration and what are the advantages & disadvantages?

A
  • Drug formulated into suppository/enema to be administered through the rectum

Advantages

  • Suitable for vomiting patient
  • Suitable for small children (e.g. infant)
  • Able to deliver drug for a localized/systemic effect
  • About 50% of drug absorbed will avoid first-pass effect in liver

Disadvantages

  • Erratic & incomplete absorption
  • Rectal mucosa irritation
21
Q

What is the transdermal route for drug administration and what are the advantages & disadvantages?

A
  • Drug absorbed through skin

Advantages

  • Sustained release of drug for prolonged effect
  • Avoids first-pass effect

Disadvantages

  • Slow onset of action
  • Skin irritation because of allergy to plaster
22
Q

What is a dosage form?

A
  • The physical form of drug intended for administration via various routes
23
Q

What are some solid dosage forms of oral drugs?

A
  • Capsules
  • Chewable tablets
  • Enteric-coated tablets
  • Slow-release tablets
  • Sugar-coated tablets
  • Granules
  • Powders
24
Q

What are some liquid dosage forms of oral drugs?

A
  • Emulsions
  • Solutions
  • Suspensions
  • Syrups
25
Q

What are some dosage forms of sublingual drugs?

A
  • Chewing gum: nicotine for quitting smoking
  • Lozenges: nicotine for quitting smoking
  • Sprays: glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) for angina
  • Tablets: glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) for angina
26
Q

What are some dosage forms of injectables?

A
  • Solution
  • Oil: drug suspended in sterile vehicle
  • Powder: reconstitute in sterile water/saline before administration
27
Q

What are the different ways of administration of injectables?

A
  • Direct injection: vials/ampoules
  • Controlled infusion: infusion bags/bottles/cartridges
  • Multidose injections: pens –> insulin for diabtetes
28
Q

What are some dosage forms of inhalational drugs?

A
  • aerosols –> salbutamol for asthma

- gases –> nitrous oxide for anaesthesia

29
Q

What are some dosage forms for intranasal drugs?

A
  • nasal sprays –> oxymetazoline for nasal congestion
30
Q

What are some dosage forms for topical administration of drugs?

A
  • creams
  • gels
  • ointments
  • sprays
31
Q

What are some dosage forms for transdermal administration of drugs?

A
  • patches

- plasters –> GTN for angina

32
Q

What are some dosage forms for rectal administration of drugs?

A
  • suppositories

- enemas

VPTox (4 decks)

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