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Clin Med II > Hematology Day 1 > Flashcards

Hematology Day 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how large is an RBC?

A

7.7 um

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2
Q

when are RBCs increased?

A 
infants,
during the day
activity
temperature
altitude
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3
Q

what is the normal blood volume?

A

5L

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4
Q

which chains does hemoglobin have?

A

2 alpha chains

2 beta chains

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5
Q

how does blood contribute to acid/base balance?

A

transports CO as bicarb

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6
Q

what is an average range of white cells?

A

5-10K

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7
Q

a WBC of >10K would indicate what?

A

infection, dx, reactive

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8
Q

a WBC of <5K would indicate what?

A

immunodeficiency or huge infection with depleted pool

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9
Q

what are normal values of neutrophils?

A

55-70%

2500-8000 ANC

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10
Q

how do neutrophils kill microorganisms?

A

releases toxic enzymes and phagocytisizes

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11
Q

what are normal values of lymphocytes?

A

20-30%, 1000-4000

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12
Q

what are normal values of monocytes?

A

2-8%, 100-700

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13
Q

what are normal values of eosinophils?

A

1-3%

50-5000

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14
Q

what is the role of eosinophils?

A

parasite invasions

allergic rxns

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15
Q

what are normal values of basophils?

A

<1%, 25-100

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16
Q

what is the role of basophils?

A

histamines

inflammatory response to injury (non specific immune response)

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17
Q

which cells are the first line of defense in inflammatory responses?

A

monocytes

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18
Q

which WBC is most responsible for viral infections?

A

lymphocytes

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19
Q

what are the normal values of platelets?

A

130K-400K

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20
Q

when do you have a bleeding risk?

A

20K

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21
Q

what is a microcytic cell?

A

MCV of <80

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22
Q

what is normal MCV?

A

80-96

23
Q

what are the microcytic anemias?

A 
TICS
thalassemia
Iron deficiency
chronic dz/infllamation or copper def.
spherocytosis/siderblastic/dec. synthesis
24
Q

what is spherocytosis?

A

no area of central pallor,

small, round shape

25
Q

what is sideroblast?

A

iron accumulation around nucleus (in membrane, not in hemoglobin molecule)

26
Q

what is the MCV for macroblastic RBC?

A

> 100

27
Q

what are causes of macrocytic anemia?

A

BIG FAT RED CELLS

28
Q

what are causes of normocytic anemia?

A

NORMAL SIZE

29
Q

what is myelophthistic?

A

bone marrow gets displaced by non-blood making tissue

30
Q

what is hypochromia?

A

reduced Hgb content

31
Q

what is hyperchromia?

A

excess pigmentation of hemoglobin

32
Q

what is poikilocytosis?

A

way to describe the shape of red cells

used in anemias, myelofibrosis

33
Q

what does an increase in reticulocytes indicate?

A

active erythropoeisis,

  • posthemorrhage
  • acclimating to increase altitude
  • pulmonary dz with hypoxia
  • all types of anemia
34
Q

what will the RDW be if retic count is high?

A

elevated (retics are larger than RBC)

35
Q

what is anemia of chronic dz?

A

overall the body is not functioning correctly and is not producing RBCs the way it is supposed to

36
Q

what is the definition of anemia?

A

reduction in mass of circulating RBC

37
Q

what are the factors that influence anemias?

A
  1. production
  2. destruction
  3. loss
38
Q

what bone marrow disorders impact RBC production?

A

aplastic anemia
MDS
tumor infiltration

39
Q

what things caused bone marrow suppression?

A

Meds (alopurinol)
Radiation
Chemo

40
Q

what endocrine problems impact RBC production?

A

kidney dz (dec. epo)
hypothyroid
hypogonadism

41
Q

how do angrogens impact RBC production?

A

increase

42
Q

what are inherited hemolytic anemias?

A

hereditary spherocytosis
sickle cell
thal major

43
Q

what are acquired hemolytic anemias?

A 
Coombs positive
AI
TTP-HUS
malaria
meds
44
Q

what is a common source of blood loss?

A

GI…think GI!

45
Q

what are sxs of anemai?

A 
SOB
CP or angina
fatigue
bounding pulses, roaring in ears
confusion
HF (chronic low volumes where the heart out)
PICA (crave ice?)
syncope
shock/death
46
Q

How do you approach anemia?

A
  1. assess MCV
  2. ethnic background
  3. UTD with GI eval, gyn eval
47
Q

what do you note on PE when eval anemai?

A 
pallor
jaundice
lymphadenopathy
hepatosplenomegaly
bone tenderness (aplastic anema/leukemia)
petechiae or ecchymosis
sx of bleeding
stool/DRE
48
Q

what environment does iron need to be absorbed?

A

acidic (need to decrease pH, in order to get optimal absorption)

49
Q

what does the ferritin level tell you?

A

iron stores over time

50
Q

what is the desire to eat dirt?

A

geophagia

51
Q

what is the desire to eat paper/starch?

A

amylophagia

52
Q

what happens during acute blood loss?

A

extravascular fluid moves the intravascular space and the RBCs become diluted which leads to anemia

53
Q

where is iron stored?

A

liver, spleen, marrow

Clin Med II (23 decks)

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