modern evolution Flashcards
point mutation
Spontaneous change in DNA base
Can result in substitution of one amino acid for another
Can result in the code for the same amino acid
chromosomal mutation
Polyploidy
Aneuploidy
micro evolution
Small scale evolutionary changes
Involving relatively small changes in allele frequencies
Occurring over just a few generations
Hardy-Weinberg measures microevolution
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium assumptions
No forces of evolution acting
Population is very large (no gene drift)
Random mating
All genes have equal chance or recombining in each generation
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium use
Barometer that can be used as the standard against which actual circumstances are compared
If expectation does not equal observation then evolution is occurring in the population
p+q = 1
alleles in a population
p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1
genotypes in a population
Measuring Natural Selection: Individual genetic association
Individuals with certain genotypes have greater probability of surviving or reproducing
Measuring Natural Selection: Environmental Correspondence
Analyze patterns of variation over large geographic region
Problems with migration of individuals into an area in which they have little to no evolutionary history in
Measuring Natural Selection: Demographic measures
Birth rates combine with death rates of a population
Idea of overall potential for natural selection
Be careful in interpreting gross measures
polymorphisms
When 2 or more alleles at a given genetic locus occur in frequencies greater than 1% in a population
polymorphs arise because of
Mutation
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Balanced Polymorphisms
Maintenance of 2 or more alleles in a population due to a selective advantage of the heterozygote
Maintained by natural selection
