L19- defects in development

Question 1

what % of newborns congenital defect

Answer 1

3-4%

Question 2

when is embryo most susceptible to congenital defects and infectious agents

Answer 2

first 3-8 weeks (embryonic period)

Question 3

what organs are most commonly affected congenitally during development

Answer 3

heart and circulatory system

Question 4

what % of births have some type of defect

Answer 4

20%

of this, 25% major 25% minor

Question 5

what structure gives rise to the CNS

Answer 5

neural tube

Question 6

examples of endodermal defects

Answer 6

absent lung (lung aplasia)
omphacoele (bowel in umbilical cord)
oesophageal fistula (oesophagus connects to trachea)

Question 7

derivatives of the neural crest

Answer 7

(PNS) 
sensory neurons
autonomic neurons 
schwann cells
smooth muscle

Question 8

what germ layer gives rise to neural crest

Answer 8

ectoderm

Question 9

what does epiblast give rise to

Answer 9

3 germ layers

Question 10

what defect can drinking alcohol whilst pregnant lead to

Answer 10

fetal alcohol syndrome - small head

Question 11

examples of mesodermal defects

Answer 11

skeletal defects
limb bone defects (Liebenberg syndrome)
polydactyly

Question 12

what protein promotes formation of digits

Answer 12

sonic hedgehog (SHH)

Question 13

examples of ectodermal defects

Answer 13

spina difida