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Pathophysiology > Principles of Molecular Biology/Genetics > Flashcards

Principles of Molecular Biology/Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

DNA Replication

A

started by initiator proteins. DNA polymerase binds with a strand and begins creating complimentary strand.

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2
Q

Transcription

A

mRNA is synthesized from a single-stranded DNA template

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3
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is used to direct the synthesis of a protein

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4
Q

Genes

A

the basic units of inheritance. Composed of DNA located on chromosomes. Direct the daily activity of the cell by controlling production of proteins.

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5
Q

Gene expression

A

can be regulated at any given step in the pathway but most importantly with the transcriptional controls

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6
Q

Embryonic development

A

cell proliferation, cell specialization, cell-to-cell interactions, and cell movement and migration

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7
Q

2 proteins of multicellular development

A

transmembrane proteins and DNA binding proteins

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8
Q

Differentiate tissues

A

epithelium, connective, muscle, nerve

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9
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

cover the majority of the body’s surface. Epidermis completely replaced once per month.

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10
Q

Epithelial: Simple Squamous

A

blood vessels, pulmonary alveoli, Bowman capsule.

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11
Q

Epithelial: Simple cuboidal

A

thyroid, sweat/salivary glands, kidney tubules

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12
Q

Epithelial: simple columnar

A

intestine lining, glandular ducts

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13
Q

Epithelial: pseudostratified

A

male urethra, respiratory tract passages

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14
Q

Epithelial: Stratified squamous

A

skin, mucous membranes

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15
Q

Epithelial: Stratified columnar

A

epiglottis, anus, pharynx

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16
Q

Epithelial: stratified transitional

A

bladder

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17
Q

Connective tissue

A

most abundant and diverse tissue in the body. Is the scaffold on which cells cluster to form organs

18
Q

Connective: Loose

A

dermis, adipose tissue, organs

19
Q

Connective: Dense

A

cartilage, bone, tendons, joints, fascia, surrounding muscles

20
Q

Connective: hematopoietic

A

bone marrow, lymph tissue, plasma

21
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

tissues that are specialized for contraction

22
Q

Muscle Tissue: skeletal

A

voluntary muscles of the body

23
Q

Muscle Tissue: Cardiac

A

heart

24
Q

Muscle Tissue: smooth

A

intestine, blood vessels, bladder, uterus, airways

25
Q

Muscle tissue: myoepithelial

A

mammary, sweat, salivary glands

26
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

provides rapid communication between CNS and various body parts

27
Q

Nervous Tissue: neurons

A

central and peripheral nerves

28
Q

Nervous tissue: neuroglia

A

primarily central nervous system

29
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical and biochemical traits or attributes of an individual that are outwardly apparent

30
Q

Autosomes

A

22 autosomes

31
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

females have XX and males have XY

32
Q

Meiosis

A

form of cell division that results in germ cells that are haploid (have half the normal number of chromosomes)

33
Q

Genetic d/o classifications

A

chromosomal abberations, mendelian single-gene disorders, polygenic/multifactorial disorders

34
Q

Aberrant number of chromosomes (aneuploidy)

A

most commonly caused by nondisjunction (failure of pair to separate).

35
Q

Abnormal chromosome structure

A

translocations, inversions, deletions, duplications

36
Q

Single Gene Disorders

A

classified by location and mode of transmission. Based on the principle that single genes are randomly transmitted and there is a 50:50 chance of receiving one or the other allele

37
Q

Autosomal Dominant D/o

A

males/females equally affected
affected individuals have an affected parent
unaffected cannot transmit
50:50 chance of offspring having it

38
Q

Autosomal Recessive D/o

A

males and females equally effected
disease usually not apparent in parents
unaffected can transmit

39
Q

Sex-Linked D/o

A

usually recessive, almost exclusively linked to X chromosome.
affected individuals almost always male
fathers transmit to 0 sons and all daughters

40
Q

Non-Mendelian Gene D/o

A

disorders caused by expanded triplet repeat mutations, disorders attributable to mitochondrial DNA mutations, disorders associated with genomic imprinting

41
Q

Rubella

A

Teratogenic period begins before conception and up to 20 weeks

42
Q

TORCH

A

toxoplasmosis, others, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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