Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CHAPTER3&4 CELL STRUCTURE > Cell structure Chp3 > Flashcards

Cell structure Chp3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Is the structural & functional unit of all living matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell is encased by a ________

A

Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

One of Cell membranes chief functions

A

Is the selection of substances allowed to enter or leave the cell. (Permeable/Semipermeable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes up a cell membrane

A

Phospholipids & protein & small amount of carbohydrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Substances move across the semipermeable membrane in ___ ways

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

First way substances move across the semipermeable membrane

A

Dissolving in the lipid portion of the membrane, as do oxygen & carbon dioxide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2nd way substances move across the semipermeable membrane?

A

Substances can also cross the membrane by flowing through the pores.
Ex- Water & chloride cannot penetrate lipid membrane & must use pores.
-These are also called water-soluble-substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Drugs are classified as _____ (fat)soluble or _____ soluble

A
  1. )Lipid

2. )Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell is divided into two compartments

A

The nucleus & cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Most adults cells have only ___ nucleus

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mature Red Blood Cells have ?

A

No Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Surrounding the nucleus is a ?

A

Double layered nuclear membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The nucleus is filled with a fluid substance called?

A

Nucleoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Within the nucleoplasm there are two other structures, what are they called?

A

Nucleolus & chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chromatic. Is composed mainly of strands of what?

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)- Which are the carriers of genetic code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chromatin in non-dividing cells

Chromatin in Dividing cells

A
  1. ) Appears as a tangled array of fine filaments

2. )chromatin strands coil tightly,forming DNA-containing structures called chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cytoplasm contains the

A

Cytosol & organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Organelles (little organs)

A

Dispersed throughout the cytoplasm; each organelle has a specific role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What produces most of the energy in the body ?

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mitochondria is referred to as the _____________ of cell

A

Power plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fixed ribosomes

A

Largely concerned with the synthesis of exportable protein——that is,protein secreted by the cell for use somewhere else in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ribosomes

A

Cytoplasmic organelles involved in protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fixed Ribosomes

A

protein secreted by the cell for use elsewhere in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Free ribosomes

A
  • Float freely within cytoplasm

- Generally synthesize proteins that are used within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Is a network of membranes within the cytoplasm.

-long folded membranes form channels through which substances, especially newly synthesized protein,move.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

RER

A
  1. )Rough endoplasmic reticulum-rough sandpaper like appearance.
    - is primarily concerned with protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

SER

A 
The ER (Endoplasmic reticulum) that does not contain ribosomes on its surface appears smooth; is smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
-primarily involved in the synthesis of lipids, steroids,glycerides, and glycogen in skeletal muscle & liver cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Series of flattened membranous sacs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membranous sacs containing powerful enzymes.

-Lysosomal enzymes break down intercellular waste & debris, including damaged organelles, thus helping “clean house.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Composed of threadlike structures called microfilaments & microtubules.
- helps maintain the shape of the cell & assist the cell in various forms of cellular movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cellular movement is particularly evident in ________, which contain large numbers of _____________.

A
  1. ) Muscle Cells

2. )Microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

____________ are the primary component of the cytoskeleton.

A

Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Microtubules also play a key role in cell division by?

A

Forming the spindle apparatus that helps distribute the chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Centrioles

A

Paired,rod-shaped, & short micro-tubular structures that form the spindle apparatus in a dividing cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cells that have no _______ are incapable of cell division

A

Centrioles

Ex- neurons, mature RBCs, skeletal muscle cells, & cardiac muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles is called the ?

A

-Centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Microtubules of the cytoskeleton begin at the _______ & spread throughout the _________.

A
  1. ) Centrosome

2. )Cytoplasm

39
Q

Microvilli

A

Membrane forms Accordion-like folds

- For cells that are particularly involved w/ the movement of large amounts of water & its dissolved solutes.

40
Q

Cilia

A

Short, hairlike projections on the outer surface of the cell membrane.
- use wavelike motions to move substances across the surface of the cell.

41
Q

Flagella (whiplike, Hairlike)

A

Similar to Cilia, but flagella are thicker, longer, & fewer in number; they help move the cell.
Ex-tail of the sperm is flagella

42
Q

Tonicity

A

Is the ability of a solution to affect the volume & pressure within a cell.

43
Q

Three terms are used to illustrate tonicity:

A

Isotonic,hypotonic, & hypertonic

44
Q

Isotonic solution

A

No net movement of water occurs; cell neither gains nor loses water

45
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Too much water in cell; leads to burst or lyse of cell.

46
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

If an RBC (Red Blood Cell) is placed within a very concentrated solution, water diffuses out of the RBC into the bathing solution, causing an RBC to shrink
- the salt solution is referred to as a hypertonic solution.

47
Q

If cell gains water

A

RBC or cell bursts

48
Q

If the RBC loses water

A

The cells shrink

49
Q

Isotonic solutions do not cause cells to _____ or ______

A

Swell or shrink

50
Q

Normal saline

-also a commonly used isotonic solution

A

0.9%NaCl ( Sodium Chloride )

51
Q

5%D/W

A

5% dextrose/glucose in water

52
Q

K+

A

Potassium

53
Q

Filtration

A

Pressure pushes substances across the membrane.

- water & dissolved substances cross the membrane in response to differences in pressures.

54
Q

Where does filtration occur in the body ?

A

The movement of fluid across the capillary wall can be compared with the movement of water in the syringes with holes in its side

55
Q

Capillary

A

Is a tiny vessel that contains blood.

56
Q

The capillary wall is composed of a ____ _____ of cells with many little pores

A

Thin layer

57
Q

Cell division is necessary for the body’s ______,______,&_______

A

Growth,repair,& reproduction

58
Q

Two type of cell division

A

Mitosis & meiosis

59
Q

Meiosis only occurs in ___ cells.

A

Sex

60
Q

Mitosis

A

Is the splitting of one mother cell into two identical “daughter cells”
-involved in bodily grown & repair
Copy of genetic info stored within chromosomes is passed to the two daughter cells.

61
Q

Cell cycle

A

Is the sequence of events that the cell goes through from one mitotic division to the next.

62
Q

Cell cycle is divided into two major phases;

A

Interphase & mitosis

63
Q

During interphase;

A

The cell carries on with its normal functions & get ready for mitosis through growth & DNA replication.

64
Q

Interphase is divided into 3 phases

A

-First gap phase (G1)
-phase (S)
Second Gap phase(G2)

65
Q

First gap phase (G1)

A

Cell carries on normal activities & begins to make DNA and other substances necessary for cell division

66
Q

Phase S

A

The cell duplicates it’s chromosomes, thereby making enough DNA for two identical cells.

67
Q

Second gap phase (G2)

A

This phase is the final prep phase for cell division (Mitosis); includes synthesis of enzymes & other proteins needed for mitosis

68
Q

At the end of G2, the cells enters the _____ phase

A

Mitotic

69
Q

During the Mitotic (M) phase

A

The cell divides into two cells with identical genetic information in their nuclei

70
Q

Mitosis consists of four phases;

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
71
Q

During prophase

A
  • The chromosomes coil so tightly that they become visible under a light microscope.
  • Each chromosomes pair is composed of two identical strands of DNA called chromatids
  • Each chromatid is attached at a point called the centromere.
  • at the same time, two pairs of centrioles move to opposite poles of the nucleus
  • Late in prophase, the nuclear membrane disappears
72
Q

Each chromatid is attached at point called the

A

Centromere

73
Q

During metaphase

A

The chromatids are aligned in a narrow central zone; spindle fibers connect the chromatids & centrioles.

74
Q

Anaphase begins

A

When the centromere splits & the chromatids are pulled to opposite poles. (Away) (end of anaphase)

75
Q

During telophase

A

Each new cell reverts to the interphase state; the nuclear membrane reforms, the chromosomes uncoil & the chromatin strands reappear.

76
Q

______ & ________ mark the end of mitosis

A

Telophase & cytokinesis

77
Q

Cytokinesis is

A

The pinching of the cell membrane to split the cytoplasm into two distinct cells.
-begins in late anaphase.

78
Q

What are two choices that two daughter cells have at end of mitosis?

A

Enter G1 & repeat the cycle (and divide again) or Ebro G0, which is dropping out of the cell cycle and resting.

79
Q

Anticancer drugs are called

A

Cell cycle phase-specific

80
Q

Some anticancer drugs can act at any phase of the cell cycle & are called

A

Cell cycle phase-nonspecific

81
Q

Mitosis assured us that the division of one cell produces ____ _____ _____

A

Two identical cells

82
Q

An embryo begins life as a

A

Single cell

83
Q

Failure to differentiate is characteristic of ______ ______

A

Cancer cells.

84
Q

Differentiation

A

Process whereby a cell becomes specialized

85
Q

Stem cells

A

Relatively undifferentiated or unspecialized cells whose only function is the production of addition unspecialized cells.

86
Q

Most cell growth is _____

A

Orderly

87
Q

When cells become uncontrolled & disorganized too many cells are produced & results in a

A

Lump/tumor/swelling

88
Q

Tumors can be classified as

A

Benign (non cancerous)

Malignant (cancerous)

89
Q

Cancer means

A

“Crab”
- like a crab send out claw like extensions that invade surrounding tissue.
Cancers can also detach from the original tumor (primary site) & spread throughout the body (secondary site)

90
Q

The spreading of cancer cells is referred to as

A

Metastasis

91
Q

Programmed sequence of events that leads to a cells death

A

Apoptosis

92
Q

Apoptosis helps rid the body of ___, _________,& _________ cells

A

Old, unnecessary, & unhealthy

93
Q

Pap smear

A

Is a diagnostic procedure used to detect cancer

CHAPTER3&4 CELL STRUCTURE (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions