Topic 5

Question 1

Correlation

Answer 1

When a relationship can be established between 2 or more variables

Question 2

Causation

Answer 2

The action of causing an event or relationship

Question 3

What are non-communal diseases

Answer 3

Deficiency disease
Cardiovascular disease
Alcoholism
Breast cancer

Question 4

Deficiency diseases

Answer 4

Affects the skin (scurvy), caused by lack of vitamin C, symptoms include swollen gums & loss of teeth
treatment are victim C

Question 5

Cardiovascular disease

Answer 5

Affects the heart, cause by smoking, obesity & hypertension
Symptoms include chest pain, weakness, pain
Treatment include medication, heart transplant and increased exercise

Question 6

Alcoholism

Answer 6

Causes liver disease
Cause by drinking too much,
symptoms include addiction to alcohol, liver cirrhosis, weak metabolism
Treatments include liver transplant, medications and addiction therapy

Question 7

Breast cancer

Answer 7

Affects the breast
Caused by genes BRCA1 & KRCA2
Symptoms include swelling and lumps on breast, skin irritation, pains
Treatments include surgery and chemotherapy

Question 8

Body mass index= ?/?

Answer 8

BMI= mass/height2

Question 9

What are the problem with calculating the BMI

Answer 9

Doesn’t distinguish between Boyd fat & muscle, or excess body fat

Question 10

Waist to hip ratio= ?/?

Answer 10

WHR= waist/hip

Question 11

What’s the problem with waist to hip ratio

Answer 11

Implies that people with more body fat around the wait (apple body shape) face more health risks then people with fat on hope (pear body shape)

Question 12

Examples of Cardiovascular diseases

Answer 12

Coronary heart disease
Peripheral arterial disease
Aortic aneurysms

Question 13

Coronary heart disease

Answer 13

When the flow of oxygen rich blood to the heart is blocked

Question 14

Peripheral arterial disease

Answer 14

When there’s a blockage in the arteries to the limbs

Question 15

Aortic aneurysm

Answer 15

When the aorta becomes weakens & could burst

Question 16

How to get rid of a CVD

Answer 16

Medication- aspirin, statin
Surgical procedures- transplant, bypass operation
Lifestyle change- exercise, diet change

Question 17

What are pathogens that cause disease

Answer 17

Cholera
Tuberculosis 
Chalaza ash tree
 Malaria
AIDS

Question 18

Cholera

Answer 18

aka vibrio cholera, type is bacteria, infects humans, symptoms are severe diarrhoea
Transmitted by water, prevented by eating cooked food & drinking clean water

Question 19

Tuberculosis

Answer 19

aka mycobacterium tuberculosis, type of bacteria, infects humans, symptoms (effects the lungs), blood speculated, mucus, fever, weight loss
Transmitted by someone coughing into the air, prevented by self-isolation

Question 20

Chalaza ash dieback

Answer 20

Aka hymenoscyplus fraxineus, type of fungus, infects ash trees, symptoms are black blocks in leaves, withered leaves
Transmitted by fungi asexually reproducing, prevented by burning infected leaves

Question 21

Malaria

Answer 21

Aka Plasmodium, type protist, infects human, symptoms are that red blood cells multiply in the liver
Transmitted by being bitten by infected mosquito, prevented by using insect repellent, take malaria prevent tablets

Question 22

AIDS

Answer 22

Aka human immunodeficiency virus, type virus, infects humans, symptoms are that it destroys wbc & weakens immune system
Transmitted by bodily fluid eg blood or semen by having sex, prevented by sing a comdom, don’t share a needle, daily pill

Question 23

What are the first 2 stages of the Viral life cycle

Answer 23

1. phage attaches to host cell & injects DNA

2. Phage DNA circularises and enters lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle

Question 24

Lytic cycle

Answer 24

3A. New page DNA & proteins are synthesised & assembled into virions
4A. Cell lysis, releasing phage virions
Starts all over again

Question 25

Lysogenic cycle

Answer 25

3B. Phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosome by recombination becoming a prophage
4B. Lysogenic bacteria reproduces normally (many cells divide)
5. Occasionally the prophage may excise from the bacterial chromosome by another recombinant event, imitating a lytic cycle

Question 26

Disease

Answer 26

An abnormality in a human caused by a pathogenic organisms that affects the performance of key functions & can normally be detected by symptoms

Question 27

An infection

Answer 27

The invasion of human tissue by a microbe with or without symptoms

Question 28

A pathogen

Answer 28

Any organism that causes disease such as a bacteria, fungus, virus or protozoan

Question 29

What are the 3 things white blood cells do

Answer 29

1. Produces antitoxins (chemicals) to neutralise the poison produced by pathogens
2. Produces antibodies which can make pathogens clump togther or cause them to burst open
3. They surround the microbe and digest it (phagocytosis)

Question 30

What are human bodies defence against microbes

Answer 30

Tears, sweat, white blood cells, HCl in the stomach, blood clotting, skin, mucus

Question 31

What do lymphocytes produce

Answer 31

Anti-bodies to fight pathogens

Question 32

Produces antibodies

Answer 32

1. Due to chemicals released by the pathogen they are found by the pathogens are found by the white blood cells
2. The WBC produces specific antibodies to fit the antigens (WBC)
3. The antibodies fit into the antigens in the outside of the microbe
4. The antibodies causes the microbe to stick together & make it easier for the other WBC to engulf them

Question 33

What is a vaccine

Answer 33

When a fragment of a pathogen is placed inside the body