Auscultation

Question 1

What does louder or quieter/absent auscultation tell you?

Answer 1

ABSENT/QUIET- Shallow breathing 
Poor positioning 
Complete collapse 
Hyperinflation/ Pneumothorax (sounds filtered by air)
Effusion (Sounds filtered by fluid)
Obese (Sounds filtered by chest wall)

LOUD- more turbulence in airways
obstruction of airways

Question 2

what does bronchial breathing sound like?

Answer 2

Harsh, equal length inspiration and expiration, gap between inspiration and expiration (Darth Vader like).
If heard over lung field suggests: 
Consolidation 
Lobe collapse with a patent airway 
Can be heard a lip of pleural effusion

Question 3

what does crackling sound tell us?

Answer 3

Caused by air flowing through an airway that is narrowed due inflammation, secretions or pulmonary oedema.
Usually on inspiration, due to reopening of previously closed small airways.
Timing they occur in the breath depends on the cause of them.
Can be fine or course

Question 4

for crackling, what are the causes and possibilities for during early to mid inspiration

Answer 4

Secretions in the large airways, bronchioles opening

COPD, CF or bronchiectasis

Question 5

for crackling, what are the causes and pathologies during late inspiration?

Answer 5

in the alveoli and peripheral airways as they open at end of inspiration.
Pulmonary fibrosis, oedema

Question 6

for crackling, what are the causes and pathologies during expiration?

Answer 6

Air forcing it’s way through obstructed airways.

COPD, bronchiectasis,

Question 7

Fine or course crackles

Answer 7

Fine-
Atelectasis
Oedema
Fibrosis
Sections in small airways.

COURSE-
Obstruction of more proximal and larger airways with secretions
Can be on inspiration and expiration.