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sci > 10.1, 10.2 > Flashcards

10.1, 10.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sensitivity?

A

the ability to detect and respond to stimuli

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2
Q

what are stimuli?

A

changes in the environment that cause a response

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3
Q

why is sensitivity important for the survival of living things?

A

it helps them escape from danger, search for food and find mates

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4
Q

by what are stimuli detected?

A

specialised sensory cells in sense organs

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5
Q

how is a sense produced?

A

the stimulus is detected by specialised sensory cells in a sense organ, then they send signals through nerves to the brain and it produces a sense

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6
Q

what are the 5 sense organs?

A

eye, ear, nose, tongue, skin

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7
Q

what are the 5 senses?

A

sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch

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8
Q

what are the stimuli detected by the eye?

A

light

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9
Q

what are the stimuli detected by the ears?

A

sound

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10
Q

what are the stimuli detected by the nose?

A

smells of chemical substances

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11
Q

what are the stimuli detected by the tongue?

A

flavours of chemical substances

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12
Q

what are the stimuli detected by the skin?

A

touch, pressure, pain and temperature

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13
Q

what is the sense produced by the eye?

A

sight

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14
Q

what is the sense produced by the ear?

A

hearing

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15
Q

what is the sense produced by the nose?

A

smell

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16
Q

what is the sense produced by the tongue?

A

taste

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17
Q

what is the sense produced by the skin?

A

touch

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18
Q

what is the function of the eyebrow?

A

prevents sweat from getting into the eyes

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19
Q

what is the function of the eyelash?

A

prevents small particles (eg dust) from getting into the eyes

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20
Q

what is the function of the eyelid? (2)

A
  1. can close to protect the eye from dirt and strong light
  2. can blink to help moisten the eye surface
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21
Q

what is the function of the socket?

A

protects the eyeball

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22
Q

how much of the eyeball is hidden inside the socket?

A

about 80%

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23
Q

what is the function of the focusing muscle?

A

changes the thickness of the lens

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24
Q

what is the function of the cornea? (2)

A
  1. lets light pass through
  2. helps focus light
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25
what is the function of the iris?
controls the size of the pupil
26
what is the function of the pupil?
regulates the amount of light entering the eye
27
what is the function of the lens? (2)
1. lets light pass through 2. helps focus light
28
what is the function of the jelly-like fluid? (2)
1. maintains the shape of the eyeball 2. helps focus light
29
what is the function of the sclera?
protects the eyeball
30
what is the function of the retina?
contains light-sensitive cells that detect light and produce signals
31
what are the features of the blind spot? (2)
1. the spot where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball 2. contains no light-sensitive cells
32
what is the function of the optic nerve?
transmits signals from light-sensitive cells to the brain
33
how does the size of the pupil change under different light conditions?
the pupil becomes smaller in bright light to decrease the amount of light entering the eye the pupil becomes larger in dim light to increase the amount of light entering the eye
34
how is an image formed in the eye?
the light from the object enters our eyes through the cornea. the cornea, lens, and jelly-like fluid help focus (bend) the light onto the retina. a sharp and inverted image is formed on the retina. the light-sensitive cells on the retina are stimulated by the light to produce signals. the signals are sent to the brain through the optic nerves. the brain then interprets the signals as an upright image
35
what is binocular vision?
the brain combines the 2 images from both eyes into one 3D image
36
why is binocular vision useful?
it gives us a perception of depth and enables us to judge distances more accurately
37
how does the form of the lens help its function? (2)
1. transparent -> can let light pass through 2. elastic -> thickness can be changed to focus the light onto the retina
38
how does the form of the sclera help its function
tough and hard -> protects the eyeball
39
how does the form of the cornea help its function? (2)
1. transparent -> can let light pass through 2. curvature -> helping focus light onto the retina
40
how do the focusing muscles change when we look at a near object?
the focusing muscles contract
41
how does the lens change when we look at a near object?
the lens becomes thicker
42
how do the focusing muscles change when we look at a distant object?
the focusing muscles relax
43
how does the lens change when we look at a distant object?
the lens becomes thinner
44
what are the 2 kinds of light-sensitive cells on the retina?
the cone cells and the rod cells
45
what are the 3 types of cone cells?
each type is sensitive to one of the 3 colours –red, green, blue
46
what is the function of the cone cell?
it is sensitive to bright light and it enables us to see different colours in bright light
47
what is the function of the rod cell?
it is sensitive to dim light and it enables us to see when it is dark (cannot detect colour)
48
why is it difficult to distinguish colours when it is dark?
only rod cells are stimulated in dim light and send signals to the brain, but they cannot detect colour
49
what is the limit of human vision?
we cannot clearly see objects that are too small, too close, or too far away
50
what are 5 types of optical instruments in increasing order that extends our vision?
hand lens, binoculars, light microscope, electron microscope, astronomical telescope
51
where is the blind spot?
it is located on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball
52
why can't we see an object if the image is formed on the blind spot?
there are no light-sensitive cells on the blind spot to send signals to the brain
53
why can't people with short sight see distant objects clearly?
the images of the distant objects are formed in front of the retina
54
how can short sight be corrected?
by wearing glasses with concave lenses
55
what causes short sight? (2)
1. the lens is too thick 2. the eyeball is too long
56
why can't people with long sight see near objects clearly?
because the images of the near objects are formed behind the retina
57
how can long sight be corrected?
by wearing glasses with convex lenses
58
what causes long sight? (2)
1. the lens is too thin 2. the eyeball is too short
59
why does astigmatism occur?
because the cornea and/or the lens is unevenly curved
60
why can't people with astigmatism see clearly?
the light from an object cannot be focused onto the retina to form a sharp image
61
how can astigmatism be corrected?
by wearing glasses with lenses that have different curvatures at different points
62
what is cataract?
if our lens becomes cloudy, some of the light cannot pass through to reach the retina -> blurred vision
63
what could cataract lead to in severe cases?
blindness
64
4 factors that may cause cataract
1. old age 2. eye injuries 3. prolonged exposure to sunlight 4. heredity
65
how can cataract be treated?
the cloudy lens could be replaced with an artificial lens through surgery
66
how is colour-blindness caused?
by a defect in one or more types of cone cells -> affects the person's ability to distinguish colours

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