1.01-1.02 Generalities pt. 1 & 2 Flashcards by Phiness Guzman

The science that deals with parasites and their relationships to their host.

Parasitology

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Concerned primarily with parasites of humans, their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities.

Medical Parasitology

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Living together of unlike organisms. It may also involve protection or other advantages to one or both organisms.

Symbiosis

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True or False. A parasite can convert the relationship from parasitism to commensalism or competition.

True

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Symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other.

Mutualism

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Symbiotic relationship in which two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other.

Commensalism

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Both species are harmed because both are competing for the same thing

Competition

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Contentious type of symbiosis.

Co-occurence or Neutralism

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A reciprocal association in which species depends upon another for its existence.

Parasitism

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Organism that take up their abode, temporarily or permanently, on or within other living organisms for the purpose of procuring food/nutrients.

Parasite

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The organism that harbors the parasite.

Host

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Parasite that lives outside the body of the host. INFESTation

Give an example

Ectoparasite

Lice, scabies

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Parasite lives inside the body of a host. INFECTion

Give an example

Endoparasite

Entamoeba histolytica (E.
histolytica)

 Causative agent of amoebiasis
 Usual habitat: Cecum
Adult Ascaris: Colon

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Parasite is found in an organism which is not its usual habitat.

Give an example.

Erratic Parasite

E. histolytica goes to the liver
Adult Ascaris: has the tendency to travel to the esophagus when irritated
(Medication, Fever)

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Parasite needs a host at some stage of its life cycle to complete its development and to propagate its species.

Obligate Parasite

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Organism may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises.

Facultative Parasite

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Parasite which establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live.

Give an example

Accidental or Incidental Parasite

Heart worm usually infects dogs but may accidentally infect humans upon ingestion of food/drink contaminated with a dog’s poop.

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Remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life.

Give an example

Permanent Parasite

Schistosoma

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Lives in/on the host for a short period of time.

Temporary parasite

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A free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.
Found in stool.
Not actual parasites because they just pass through the digestive tract but did not cause any harm/damage to the host

Spurious or Coprozoic Parasite

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What are the Phylums of Kingdom Protista?

Sarcomastigophora
Ciliophora (Balantidium coli)
Apicomplexa
Microspora

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These are found in the blood.

Give the subphylum and phylum that they belong to.

Hemoflagellates

Subphylum Mastigophora

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

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These are found in the lumen of organs including the GIT & genital tract (T. vaginalis)

Give the subphylum and phylum that they belong to.

Atrial Flagellates

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They are very small and have an ability to produce spores

Phylum Microspora

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They usually do not have locomotive organelles and tend to stay inside cells

Phylum Apicomplexa & Microspora

Give the Phylums under Animalia

1. Phylum Nematodes (Roundworms) 2. Phylum Cestodes (Flatworms, Tapeworms) 3. Phylum Trematodes (Flukes: olive shaped)

These are found in the blood vessels. Give the phylum that they belong to.

Schistosomes

Simple life cycle?

adult -> larva -> egg

A complex life cycle that only needs one host. A complex life cycle that requires two or more host.

Direct Indirect

Explain the life cycle of Entamoeba coli.

Direct life cycle as it only needs a single host. The parasite leaves the host in the CYST form. After ingestion of the cyst, it goes to the intestines and becomes a TROPHOZOITE. Increased intestinal trophozoite causes diarrhea.

They have an indirect complex life cycle and they like to live in the veins. What is it and what are their 2 hosts?

Schistosoma japonicum Human & snail

To ensure transmission, parasite must:

1. Adapt to protect itself from the host’s defenses and the external environment. 2. Overcome the sustained attacks by producing numerous progeny.

Which preventive measures can be most effective:

1. Toilets with running water 2. Proper preparation and cooking of food 3. Control population of snails

Host in which the parasite attains sexual maturity/adult. Give examples.

Definitive/Final Host E. coli – Human (trophozoite) Schistosoma - Human

One or more hosts that harbor the asexual or larval stage of the parasite and facilitates its development.

Intermediate Host Schistosoma - Snail

Host in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages, BUT the parasite remains alive and is able to infect another susceptible host within which it can continue its life cycle.

Paratenic Host Toxoplasma: life cycles usually revolve around the rat and cat. But if a human somehow ingests the Toxoplasma eggs, the eggs hatch into the larval stage, but since cats do not eat humans, the life cycle will stop there. In this case, humans are the paratenic host.

Other animals that harbor the same parasite as the principal definitive, intermediate, or paratenic host, allowing the parasite’s life cycle to continue.

Reservoir Hosts

An organism that harbors a parasite which is typically a parasite of other species; the host is not necessary in the development of the parasite

Incidental Host

Host in which the parasite cannot be further transmitted

Dead-end host

This is released by the expelled Schistosoma japonicum that enters the host snail

miracidium

Form of S. japonicum that goes into the blood vessels

schistosomulae

Factors of Transmission?

1. Source of infection 2. Mode of transmission 3. Presence of susceptible host

Give the possible sources of infection

Autoinfection Other definitive host Vectors Environmental reservoirs

It is called when the host itself is the source. The same person will give himself the disease.

Autoinfection

Give the two types of vectors

1. Biologic vector: organism is essential to life cycle of parasite 2. Mechanical/Phoretic vector: organism only carries the parasite and not a part of its life cycle

Non-living things that are not | food or water, like dust

Fomites

How the parasite is transmitted from one host to another

Mode of Transmission

Types of direct contact with the host:

Sexual Transmission | Vertical Transmission

Types of Vertical Transmission

1. Congenital - during pregnancy 2. Intrapartum - during childbirth 3. Transmammary - during breastfeeding

Types of indirect contact mode of transmission? (5)

1. Ingestion 2. Vector-borne 3. Fomite-mediated 4. Contact with contaminated water 5. Inhalational

It is the process of introducing the infective agent into the host.

Exposure

It is the the establishment of the parasite inside the host.

Infection

Host is further infected with the same species of parasite, leading to massive infection This is due to?

Superinfection/Hyperinfection Due to autoinfection or external contact

True or False. Parasites exhibit tissue specificity once near the host.

False. Parasites exhibit tissue specificity once INSIDE the host.

____ _____ infects the cecum and ascending colon _____ species infect the large veins of the pelvic region. ____ _____ infects the duodenum.

Entamoeba coli Schistosoma Giardia lamblia

It is where the

Parasitic disease

It is the period between | infection and appearance of symptoms (clinical) or signs of infection (biologic)

Incubation period

Infection does not always result in a disease. This is where the parasite is killed.

Elimination

It is where parasite is still alive, but the body surrounded it with many inflammatory cell and collagen fibers, inhibiting the parasite’s ability to cause infection

Containment

It is where chronically infected individual has no clinical manifestations; a potential source of infection to others

Carrier state

Tapeworms like to get a lot of _______ or _____ from the host’s food leading to Anemia

Cyanocobalamin, Vitamin B12

Mechanisms for the parasite to damage the host. (4)

1. Mechanical effects 2. Invasion & destruction of host cells/ tissues 3. Inflammatory reaction to the parasite or parasite products - Bystander effect: 4. Competition for host nutrients

_____ can produce enzymes that destroy the cells of the colon leading to ulcers

Amoebas

It is when inflammatory cells fight the parasite, the chemicals can also damage surrounding host structures

Bystander effect

Detects and eliminates pathogens through mechanical, chemical, and cytokine-mediated methods with little or no delay from the time of invasion.

Non-specific Host Defense

Give examples of Induced Innate Non-specific immune response: (3)

1. Phagocytosis 2. Inflammatory Response 3. Complement Activation

Specific Host Defense is the result of complex series of which immunoregulatory events?

1. Activation 2. Induction through proliferation 3. Effector function

What are the cells involved in CMIR?

1. Cytotoxic T-cell 2. Gamma-Delta T cell 3. Natural killer cell 4. Macrophage

CMIR is largely influenced by?

Interferon Gamma (IFN-y) this leads to increase in macrophage

Recruitment and activation of innate | leukocyte causes what?

Inflammation

It facilitates CMIR and increase intensity of inflammation

T-helper 1

Antibody-mediated effector mechanism for small extracellular parasites

Humoral Immune Response

Humoral is centered in antibodies. What are the different functions of antibodies

- Activate complements - Neutralize incoming pathogens - Facilitate better phagocytosis

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) for extracellular parasites

Humoral IR | - Antibodies will coat the pathogen

What is activated in the presence of worms?

eosinophil and mast cells

Antibody that protect against direct invasion by the worms

Secretory IgA

Recruits eosinophils to prepare for combat (once Ab is released)

IL-5

1.01-1.02 Generalities pt. 1 & 2 Flashcards

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