10.1 & 2 Classification

Question 1

What is classification?

Answer 1

Name given to the process by which living organisms are sorted into groups

Question 2

7 taxonomic groups

Answer 2

Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class 
Order 
Family 
Genus 
Species

Question 3

Who invented hierarchical classification?

Answer 3

Carl Linnaeus

Question 4

Why do scientists classify organisms?

Answer 4

To identify species
To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links

Question 5

Benefits of using a single classification system

Answer 5

Scientists worldwide can share research

Links between different organisms can be seen, even on different continents

Question 6

What are the 3 domains?

Answer 6

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

Question 7

What types of cells are in each domain?

Answer 7

Bacteria - prokaryotes
Archaea - prokaryotes
Eukarya - eukaryotes

Question 8

Definition of species

Answer 8

Group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Question 9

What is produced when a horse is bred with a donkey?

Answer 9

A mule or hinny

Question 10

Why are mules or hinnies infertile?

Answer 10

They have an odd number of chromosome - 63

Question 11

Human classification

Answer 11

Domain - Eukarya 
Kingdom - Animalia 
Phylum - Chordata 
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primates 
Family - Hominidae 
Genus - Homo 
Species - Sapiens

Question 12

In binomial nomenclature what do the 2 parts show?

Answer 12

1st part - genus

2nd part - species

Question 13

How is the binomial name written?

Answer 13

Italicised or underlined

Question 14

Advantages of binomial nomenclature

Answer 14

Simple meaningful and universally accepted
Easy to understand
Shows evolutionary history of species
Distinguish species from others

Question 15

Since when were animals classified into kingdoms?

Answer 15

From 1960s

Question 16

5 kingdoms

Answer 16

Prokaryotae 
Protocista 
Fungi 
Plantae 
Animalia

Question 17

Which kingdoms are prokaryotes?

Answer 17

Prokaryotae

Question 18

Which kingdoms are eukaryotes?

Answer 18

Protocista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Question 19

Features of Prokaryotae

Answer 19

Unicellular 
Cell wall and cytoplasm 
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles 
Rings of naked DNA 
70s ribosomes 
Divide by binary fission 
Autotrophic feeders

Question 20

Eg of Prokaryotae

Answer 20

Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus anthracis

Question 21

Protocista features

Answer 21

Mostly unicellular 
A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles 
Some have chloroplasts 
Some move by cilia 
Autotrophic and heterotrophic feeders

Question 22

Two types of Protocista

Answer 22

Protozoa - no cell wall

Algae - cellulose cell wall and chloroplast

Question 23

What are autotrophic feeders?

Answer 23

Nutrients are obtained by photosynthesis

Question 24

What are heterotrophic feeders?

Answer 24

Nutrients are obtained by ingestion of other organisms

Question 25

Eg of Protocista

Answer 25

Paramecium | Amoeba

Question 26

Features of fungi

Answer 26

Unicellular or multicellular Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles Cell wall of chitin No chloroplasts or chlorophyll No mechanisms for locomotion Most have body or myecelium made of threads or hyphae Nutrients acquired by absorption - saprophytic feeders Most store food as glycogen

Question 27

Eg of fungi

Answer 27

Mushroom Moulds Yeast

Question 28

Features of Plantae

Answer 28

Multicellular Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles including chloroplasts Cell wall of cellulose All contain chlorophyll Most don’t move - gametes move using cilia or flagella Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis- autotrophic feeders Store food as starch

Question 29

Features of Animalia

Answer 29

Largest kingdom Multicellular Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles No chloroplasts and cell wall Sometimes have cilia/flagella/contractile proteins Nutrients acquired by ingestion - heterotrophic feeders Food stored as glycogen

Question 30

What were classification systems originally based on?

Answer 30

Observable features

Question 31

How are scientists now able to study evolutionary links between organisms?

Answer 31

Study of genetics and biological molecules

Question 32

What happens when organisms evolve?

Answer 32

External and internal features change, as well as DNA DNA determines the proteins that are made, which determines characteristics For characteristics to change, proteins have to change as well

Question 33

How many polypeptide chains in haemoglobin?

Answer 33

4

Question 34

Who came up with the 3 domain system?

Answer 34

Carl Woese

Question 35

How does Woese’s system group organisms?

Answer 35

Using differences in sequences of nucleotides in the cells ribosomal RNA, cell’s membrane lipid structure and sensitivity to antibiotics

Question 36

How are organisms classified under 3 domain system?

Answer 36

Into 3 domains and 6 kingdoms

Question 37

rRNA and ribosomes in Eukarya

Answer 37

80s ribosomes | RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

Question 38

rRNA and ribosomes in Archaea

Answer 38

70s ribosomes | RNA polymerase contains 8-10 proteins

Question 39

rRNA and ribosomes in Bacteria

Answer 39

70s ribosomes | RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

Question 40

What is different in Woese’s system?

Answer 40

The Prokaryotae kingdom is divided into two - Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Question 41

Why are Eubacteria classified in their own kingdom?

Answer 41

Their chemical makeup is different from Archaebacteria | They contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall, but Archaebacteria do not

Question 42

Archaebacteria characteristics

Answer 42

Can live in extreme environments | Eg hot thermal vents, anaerobic conditions, highly acidic environments

Question 43

Eubacteria characteristics

Answer 43

Found in all environments | Most bacteria are in eubacteria kingdom