10.1 - Function of the Digestive System

Question 1

What are Macromolecules ?

Answer 1

Macromolecules are a very large molecule made up of smaller molecules that are linked together.

Question 2

What is Metabolism ?


Answer 2

Metabolism is the sum total of all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism.

Question 3

What is an essential nutrient?

Answer 3

It is a nutrient that cannot be made by the body, and must therefore be obtained from food.

Question 4

What is a Carbohydrate?

Answer 4

1. They are the body’s most important source of energy. (Short & Long Term).
2. They have two atoms of hydrogen and
   one atom of oxygen for every atom of carbon.

Question 5

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 5

Monosaccharides are a simple sugar with three to seven carbon atoms.

Question 6

Name 3 monosaccharides.

Answer 6

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Question 7

What are Disaccharides?

Answer 7

Disaccharides are a sugar made up of two monosaccharide molecules.

Question 8

Name 3 disaccharides

Answer 8

1. Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
2. Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
3. Maltose = Glucose + Glucose

Question 9

What is the most common sugar
Found in all cells of your body?

Answer 9

Glucose

Question 10

What are Polysaccharides?

Answer 10

Polysaccharide are a large molecule made up of many linked monosaccharide molecules.

Question 11

Name 3 Polysaccharides.

Answer 11

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen,

Question 12

How does dehydration synthesis occur?

Answer 12

1. One monosaccharide loses a Hydroxide (OH) molecule and another loses a Hyrogen Atom (H).
2. The two expeled molecule and atom combine to form water molecule and the monosaccharide bond together to form a Disaccharide.

This process is called dehydration systhesis because water is formed after it is extracted from the atom (Dehydration) and the two monosaccharides form a disaccharide (Synthesis).

Question 13

What is a monomer and a polymer?

Answer 13

1. Monomers are the simplest form of a nutirent like monosacchedies, amino acids.
3. Polymers are disaccherdies and any other form that is not a monomer.

Question 14

What is Hydrolysis?

Answer 14

It is a chemical reaction in which water breaks apart
macromolecules into smaller molecules.

Question 15

What are Polysaccharides ?

Answer 15

Polysaccharides a large molecule made up of many linked monosaccharide molecules.

Question 16

What is Glycogen?

Answer 16

It is a polysaccharide made up of multiple glucose units.

Question 17

What is Amylose?

Answer 17

Amylose (starch) is made up of thousands of glucose molecules.

Starch is a storage molecule for plants.

Question 18

1. What is Cellulose?
2. Where is found?
3. What is it’s purpose in the human body?

Answer 18

1. Cellulose is a molecule made up of many glucose molecules linked differently than in starch.
2. It is a component of cell walls.
3. It cannot be digested but it acts like a roughphage (fibres) to prevent constipation.

Question 19

Where is Glycogen stored?

Answer 19

It is stored in the liver/muscle cells for daily use.

It is stored in in adipose cells in fat tissue for long term energy use.

Question 20

What happens when glucose in blood drops?

Answer 20

Glycogen is converted back to individual glucose units.

Question 21

What does Insulin do?

Answer 21

It regulates the blood sugar level in the body and tells when to deconstruct glucogen.

Question 22

What is Chitin?

Answer 22

Chitin form the external hard skeleton of insects and crustaceans and is also found in mushrooms.

Question 23

What are the three types of Lipids?

Answer 23

1. Fats, Oils, Waxes (Store Energy)
2. Phospholipids (form the membrane that separates a cell from its external environment.)
3. Steroids (Helps build muscle)

Question 24

What are the properties of Lipids

Answer 24

• Hard for the body to break down.
• Lipids are insoluble in water.
• Composed of one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids.

Question 25

Why are Lipids important?

Answer 25

1. Lipids store 2.25 times more amount of energy than protiens and carbohydrates. 2. They aid in the absorption of nutrients. 3. Insulates the body and protects some delicate organs. 4. They act as raw materials for synthesis of hormones and other chemicals. 5. They are key component in cell membranes.

Question 26

What are Phospholipids ?

Answer 26

The main components of cell membranes. It is composed of a phosphate group and 2 fatty acids attached to the glycerol backbone.

Question 27

What are waxes?

Answer 27

They are insoluble in water, help coat plant leaves and fur (making them waterproof).

Question 28

What are Protiens?

Answer 28

They are used to perform cellular functions and synthesize cell structures.

Question 29

What the length of protiens?

Answer 29

They can wary from 8 to 4000 amino acids.

Question 30

What are protiens made up of amino acids called?

Answer 30

Polypeptides are protiens made up of many amino acids.

Question 31

Why does our body need amino acids?

Answer 31

Our bodies need amino acids to make proteins.

Question 32

Why does the genetic code of protiens be perfect?

Answer 32

Genetic code for a protein must be perfect to avoid any defects, which in turn can cause the protein to be non-functional.

Question 33

Why are enzymes essential?

Answer 33

Enzymes are essential for the proper functioning of our cells and they control the rate of our cellular reactions . They break down macromolecules using hydrolysis.

Question 34

What is macromolecule/polymer and polypetitde monomer?

Answer 34

Macromolecule/polymer is protiens and polypetitde monomer is amino acids.

Question 35

Name the protein for the following purposes: 1. Providing structure and support for blood cells 2. Providing structure and support for body tissues 3. Aiding in muscle movements such as muscle contraction 4. Acting as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in cells 5. Providing immunity against infection and disease Transport ions in cell membranes

Answer 35

1. Hemoglobin 2. Collagen 3. Actin and Myosin 4. Enzymes 5. Antibodies 6. Transport Proteins

Question 36

What is a Peptide Bond?

Answer 36

Peptide Bonds holds together the amino acids in a protein

Question 37

What is Polypeptide?

Answer 37

Polypeptide is a linear chain of several amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Question 38

What is Nucleic Acids?

Answer 38

They contain the organism’s genetic information and direct the organism’s growth.

Question 39

What breaks down the following: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

Answer 39

1. Carbohydrase 2. Lipase 3. Protease 4. Nuclease

Question 40

What do the following minerals do: 1. Calcium 2. Iron 3. Magnesium 4. Potassium 5. Sodium

Answer 40

1. Forms bone, conducts nerve signals, contracts muscle, clotts blood 2. Produces hemoglobin 3. Supports enzyme functions, produces protein 4. Conducts nerve signals, contracts muscle 5. Conducts nerve signals, balances body fluid

Question 41

Name the different properties of vitamins

Answer 41

Vitamins are either fat soluble or water soluble Fat soluble: A, D, E, K * Not easily eliminated * When taken in a multivitamin, must be taken with food Water soluble: B, C * Cannot be stored

Question 42

Name the following vitamins and explain what they do: 1. A 2. B1 3. C 4. D 5. E

Answer 42

1. Carotene - Good vision; healthy skin and bones 2. Thiamine - Metabolizing carbohydrates; growth and muscle tone 3. Ascorbic acid -Healthy bones, teeth, gums, and blood vessels; boosting immune system 4. Absorbing calcium; forming bone 5. Strengthening red blood cell membranes

Question 43

What does water do in the body?

Answer 43

1. Regulates different ions and molecules are important to the function of the body. 2. Transports dissolved nutrients into cells that line the small intestine. 3. Flush toxins from cells 4. Lubricate tissues and joints 5. Form essential body fluids, such as blood and mucus 6. Regulate body temperature (by sweating) 7. Eliminating waste materials (in urine - 1.5L and sweat - 1L)

Question 44

What are the stages of food processing?

Answer 44

1. **Ingestion** - Taking in or eating of food. 2. **Digestion** - Breaking down food mechanically (physically) and chemcial so that the cell sin the body can absorb it. 3. **Absorption** - After digestion the absorbed food being sent to the rest of the body using the circulatory system. 4. **Elimination** - The removal of undigested solid waste matter from the body.

Question 45

What is the difference between mechanical digestion and chemcil digestion?

Answer 45

Mechanical Digestion - Chewing, muscular contractions/churning of stomach Chemicial Digestion - break down of food: enzymes (macromolecules to smaller molecules)

Question 46

What is the Alimentary canal?

Answer 46

A tube through which food is processed, beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus (aka digestive tract)

Question 47

Herbivore vs Carnivore Digestive Tract

Answer 47

Digestive tracts of herbivores are generally longer relative to body size as they need more time to digest cellulose as compared to carnivores.