10.1 Fundamentals Of Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is a homologous series?

Answer 1

A series of compounds with the same functional group, in which each members differs from the next by a common structural unit usually CH2

Question 2

What is a functional group?

Answer 2

An atom of group of atoms in a molecules that give it its characteristic chemical properties - the reactive part of a molecule.

Question 3

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 3

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen only.

Question 4

Why do members of a homologous series have similar chemical properties?

Answer 4

They have the same functional group.

Question 5

Why is there gradation of physical properties such as boiling point in a homologous series?

Answer 5

The boiling point increases as the carbon chain gets longer due to an increase in the strength of London forces between molecules as the relative molecular mass of the compound increases.

Question 6

What is the functional group and functional group name for alkanes and the general formula?

Answer 6

Alkyl

CnH2n+2

Question 7

What is the functional group and functional group name for alkenes and the general formula?

Answer 7

C=C
Alkenyl
CnH2n

Question 8

What is the functional group and functional group name for alkynes and the general formula?

Answer 8

C (triple bond) C
Alkynyl
CnH2n-2

Question 9

What is the functional group and functional group name for alcohols and the general formula?

Answer 9

-OH
Hydroxyl
CnH2n+1OH

Question 10

What is the functional group and functional group name for ethers and the general formula?

Answer 10

C-O-C
Ether
CnH2n+2O

Question 11

What is the functional group and functional group name for aldehydes and the general formula?

Answer 11

|
C= O
|
H

Carbonyl
CnH2nO

Question 12

What is the functional group and functional group name for ketones and the general formula?

Answer 12

C
 |
C = O
 |
C

Carbonyl
CnH2nO

Question 13

What is the functional group and functional group name for carboxylic acids and the general formula?

Answer 13

|
C = O
|
OH

Carboxyl
CnH2n+1COOH

Question 14

What is the functional group and functional group name for halogenoalkanes?

Answer 14

-X
X = Cl, Br, I
Halo

Question 15

What is the functional group and functional group name for amines?

Answer 15

-NH2
-NHR
-NR2
Amine

Question 16

What is the functional group and functional group name for esters?

Answer 16

C              Ester
 |
O
 |
C = O
 |

Question 17

What is the functional group and functional group name for nitriles?

Answer 17

-C(triple bond)N

Nitrile

Question 18

What is the functional group and functional group?

Answer 18

|
C = O
 |
NH2
Carboxamide

Question 19

What is an unsaturated compound?

Answer 19

An unsaturated compound contains multiple bonds between carbon atom (C=C)

Question 20

What is a saturated compound?

Answer 20

a saturated compound contains only single bonds between carbon atoms (C-C)

Question 21

What are the rules for naming compounds?

Answer 21

Find the longest continuous carbon chain the molecule
Number the carbons so that the functional group in the molecule has the lowest possible number ie start numbering from the end closest to the functional group.
Number the positions of ally groups (branches) using the combination that includes the lowest individual numbers but bearing in mind the rule that other functional groups take priority over alkyl groups.
Arrange the names of the groups in alphabetical order.
When more than one group of a particular type is present use the prefixes die (2) tribute (3) tetra (4).
Use a common between numbers and a dash between numbers and letters.

Question 22

What are structural isomers?

Answer 22

Two or more compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas - a different arrangement of atoms.

Question 23

What is a primary alcohol?

Answer 23

One carbon attached to the OH group.

Question 24

What is a secondary alcohol?

Answer 24

Two carbons attached to the OH group.

Question 25

What is a tertiary carbon?

Answer 25

Three carbons attached to the OH group.

Question 26

What is a primary amine?

Answer 26

Where one alkyl group is attached to the nitrogen.

Question 27

What is a secondary amine?

Answer 27

Where two alkyl groups are attached to the nitrogen.

Question 28

What is a tertiary amine?

Answer 28

Where three alkyl groups are attached to the nitrogen.

Question 29

What is benzene?

Answer 29

Benzene has the molecular formula C6H6 and consists of a planar hexagonal ring of carbon atoms.

Question 30

How can benzene's structure be drawn?

Answer 30

With alternating double and single bonds between carbon atoms or with a delocalised ring of six electrons.

Question 31

What is the physical evidence for benzene having a delocalised structure rather than the structure with alternating double and single bonds?

Answer 31

All the C-C bonds in benzene are the same length but if the structure had double and single bonds there would be short C=C and longer C-c bonds between carbons atoms. Only three isomers exist for C6H4CL2 but if there were three double bonds in the ring, four isomer would be predicted, since the Cl2 atoms could be either side of a C-c or C=C.

Question 32

What is the chemical evidence for benzene having a delocalised structure rather than the structure with alternating double and single bonds?

Answer 32

``` When cyclohexane (6 memebered ring with 1 C=C) reacts with hydrogen 120kJmol-1 are given out but when benzene eats with hydrogen considerably less than three times as much energy is given out. Compounds with C=C undergo addition reactions but benzene undergoes substitute reactions. ```

Question 33

How is benzene described and what happen when it is present in a compound?

Answer 33

Benzene is described as an aromatic unsaturated hydrocarbon. When a benzene ring is present in a compound it is called a phenyl group and compounds containing this are called aromatic compounds.