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Officer FMF > 101 - Navy/USMC History, Customs, Courtesies > Flashcards

101 - Navy/USMC History, Customs, Courtesies Flashcards

1
Q

First to fight

A

Marines in forefront of every war since founding. More than 300 landings on foreign shores, from poles to tropics. Record of readiness reflects pride, responsibility, and challenge.

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2
Q

Leatherneck

A

Leather stock/neckpiece worn from 1775-1875 to protect from saber slashes. Also made them keep their heads erect.

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3
Q

Devil dog

A

1918 French Belleau Wood battle - Marines’ persistent attack had Germans calling them “Teufelhunden” translated to “Devil Dogs”

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4
Q

Esprit de Corps

A

Implies devotion and loyalty to Marine Corps, with deep regard for its history, traditions, and honor. Epitome of pride in a unit.

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5
Q

Uncommon valor was a common virtue

A

Admiral Nimitz, on Marine fighting ability on Iwo Jima, applied to whole Corps during that war

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6
Q

Semper Fidelis

A

Official MC motto = “Always Faithful” in Latin

Abbreviation “Semper Fi” adopted 1883

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7
Q

Founding of the Marine Corps

A

Created November 10, 1775
At Tun Tavern in Philadelphia, PA by resolution of Continental Congress
2 battalions raised

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8
Q

1834

A

Marines came under dept of the Navy

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9
Q

National Security Act of 1947

A

Amended in 1952

States present structure, missions, function of USMC

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10
Q

First Commandant of Marine Corps

A

Captain Samuel Nicholas

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11
Q

1776

A

First Marine landing during Revolutionary War. Invaded New Providence Island in Bahamas, seizing guns and supplies
“Leatherneck”

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12
Q

1798

A

Congress recreated USMC as separate military service, under President John Adams

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13
Q

1805

A

Marines storm Barbary pirates’ stronghold at Derna on “shores of Tripoli”
First time “stars and stripes” were raised in Eastern hemisphere

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14
Q

1847

A

“47 Mexicans”
Mexican War, occupied “Halls of Montezuma” during Battle of Chapultepec in Mexico City
Royal palace fell to Marines, who were among first US troops to enter the capital

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15
Q

1859

A

“John Brown is mine”

Under command of Col Robert E Lee (Army), stormed US arsenal at Harper’s Ferry to put down attempted slave revolt led by abolitionist John Brown

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16
Q

1861

A

“Man the gun”
During Civil War, limited action and effectiveness of USMC d/t resignations, aging officer corps, inadequate personnel
Primarily served with naval detachments at sea, manning guns, rarely conducting operations ashore

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17
Q

1868

A

“EGA is great”
Emblem with Eagle, Globe, and Anchor (EGA) adopted by USMC
Brigadier General Jacob Zeilian (7th Commandant) modified British (Royal) Marine emblem to show the Marines as American and maritime
Globe = worldwide service
Anchor = sea traditions
Eagle = Nation itself

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18
Q

1898

A

“Spain we hate”

In response to a declaration of war against Spain, Marines conduct offensive operations in Pacific and Cuba, leading to establishment of several overseas naval installations

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19
Q

1900

A

Supporting foreign policy, Marines on Asiatic station defended American league in Peking, China during Boxer Rebellion. Part of multinational defense force protecting Legation Quarter against attack, which held out against Boxers until relief force arrived to end rebellion

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20
Q

1901

A

From 1901-1934, USMC increasingly used around the world to quell disturbances, from Far East to Caribbean. Due to extensive use in the Caribbean, these actions were known as the “Banana Wars”

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21
Q

1913

A

Established aviation unit. First pilot was Major Alfred A. Cunningham

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22
Q

1917

A

Landed as first American force in France. 8 distinct operations, awarded a number of decorations including French Fourragere, still worn by 5th and 6th Marines

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23
Q

1933

A

USMC reorganized into FMF, establishing “Command and administrative relations” between Fleet and MC. MC Equipment Board established at Quantico, VA and USMC began to devote time to test/develop materials for landing operations and expeditionary service

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24
Q

1941

A

Pearl Harbor surprise attach by Japanese forces. Marines utilized to defend in the allies’ “island hopping” campaigns
Amphibious doctrine use to carry out strategy
USMC reached nearly 500,000 strong during WWII

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25
Q

1950

A

Response to N Korean forces by assembling First Marine Provisional Brigade from 1st Marine Division, later used to rescue crumbling Pusan perimeter and made amphibious landing over seawalls at Inchon
First Marine aviator helicopter flight in battle

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26
Q

1958

A

Completed reorganization of combat structure of FMF. Units created were equipped to handle atomic and nonatomic warfare. Ability to go where needed, stay there, project power ashore used when landing near Beirut, Lebanon to support its army against internal strife. Withdrawn after a few months.

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27
Q

1965

A

Marines land in South Vietnam, committing USMC to its longest war in history. Numerous large-scale offensive operations and pacification program to win support of local populace.
Also in response to attempted coup of local govt, landed in DR to evacuate and protect US citizens, forming the core of a multinational force that quickly restored the peace

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28
Q

1982

A

Marines -> Lebanon for multinational peacekeeping force in war-torn country, further displaying concept of “Force in Readiness”
On Oct 23, 1983 a suicide truck bomb attach on HQ building killed 241 Americans and wounded 70 others.
Last Marine unit withdrew in July 1984

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29
Q

1983

A

Following assassination of PM and violent overthrow of Grenada govt, Marines participate in Urgent Fury, joint military op, in response to to a request for intervention from neighboring Caribbean nations, leading to securing island and safeguarding hundreds of American citizens living there

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30
Q

1989

A

In response to increasing unrest in Panama, POTUS ordered joint mil op “Just Cause” to overthrow Panama govt headed by Gen. Manuel Noriega
Successful and installed civilian govt, which had been denied office after free elections were illegally declared invalid by Noriega’s govt
Gen Noriega was indicted, arrested, and sent to US for trial for drug trafficking and racketeering

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31
Q

1990

A

Following invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces, Operation Desert Shield was launched. Designed to hold advance of Iraqi forces and to position multinational forces assembled for possible offensive operations to expel invading force
This validated the the MC’s Maritime Propositioning Force (MPF) concept and enacted the plan of tailoring units to accomplish mission as part of a MAGTF

32
Q

1991

A

Operation Desert Storm launched after Iraqi govt refused to comply with UN resolutions
Marine aviation heavily used when air phase commenced in January 1991. When massive bombing failed to dislodge Iraqi forces, Marine ground forces swept into Kuwait and liberated the country, causing severe damage to Iraqi military capability

33
Q

Presley Neville O’Bannon

A

1stLt O’Bannon remembered for heroism in battle for harbor fortress of Derna (Tripoli) in Mediterranean. His Marines were the first US Forces to hoist the flag over territory in the Old World
“Mameluke” sword presented to him in 1805

34
Q

Archibald Henderson

A

Brevet Brigadier General who became Commandant in 1820 and held this command until his death in 1859.
Led the Corps through the Indian Wars, War with Mexico, “opening” of China, and disorders in Central America.
“Grand Old Man of the Marine Corps” introduced higher standard of personal appearance, training, discipline, and strived to have MC known as professional military force capable of more than just sea and guard duties

35
Q

John H. Quick

A

SgtMaj Quick remembered for performance at Cuzco Well (Guantanamo Bay, Cuba), where he participated in an operation to seize an advanced base for the Atlantic Fleet battalion of Marines.
Won the Medal of Honor for semaphoring for emergency lift of naval bombardment while under Spanish and American shellfire. The landing at Gitmo demonstrated usefulness of Marine’s as assault troops, giving added strength for capture and defense of advanced bases, becoming primary mission of USMC in 1898.

36
Q

Daniel Daly

A

SgtMaj Daly recognized for earning two MOH’s for Chinese Boxer Rebellion and First Caco War in Haiti
At Battle of Belleau Wood, when his unit had been pinned down and attack was stopped, he yelled, “Come on, you sons of b——, do you want to live forever?”

37
Q

Smedley D. Butler

A

Major General recognized for earning two MOH’s for Veracruz and First Caco War in Haiti.
By the end of 1916, USMC recognized as a national force in readiness and for leadership gained from continual combat and expeditionary experience.

38
Q

John A. Lejeune

A

Major General, 13th Commandant of the USMC from 1920-1929. First MC officer ever to command an army division in combat, in France during WWI (1918)

39
Q

Lewis B. “Chesty” Puller

A

LtGen Puller served in Nicaragua, through several periods of political unrest and rebellious activity. He and about 32 Marines became famous for the ability to engage rebel groups and bandits while in an area of the jungles of Nicaragua to the Honduran border.
Became known as the “Tiger of the Mountains” (1930)
USMC mascot is a bulldog named Chesty

40
Q

Joseph L. Foss

A

Captain Foss was a Marine pilot instrumental in taking Japanese airfield at Guadalcanal
Awarded MOH
By the end of WWII, second-ranking USMC ace with 26 victories (kills) to his credit (1942)

41
Q

Gregory R. “Pappy” Boyington

A

Major Boyington recognized for his prowess in aerial dogfights, commanding VMH-214, the “Black Sheep,” during WWII.
By the end of WWII, recognized as top-ranking flying ace with 28 victories (kills) (1945)

42
Q

Ira H. Hayes

A

Fifth Amphibious Corps of Marines (commanded by MajGen Harry Schmidt) assigned to take Iwo Jima. Corporal Hayes, a Pima Indian, immortalized in now famous photograph of second flag raising on Mount Suribachi, shortly after taking Japanese stronghold on 23 Feb 1945

43
Q

Opha Mae Johnson

A

Private Johnson was the USMC’s first enlisted woman on 13 Aug 1918. Women officially were titled Marine Reserve (F), better known as “skirt Marines” and “Marinettes”

44
Q

Annie L. Grimes

A

CWO Grimes was the third black woman to become a Marine and first black woman officer to retire after her “full 20”

45
Q

Margaret A. Brewer

A

Brigadier General Brewer, then a Colonel, served as director of Women Marines (WM) from 1973-1977.
7th and last director of WM, only post-World War woman to hold the position.
Became USMC first woman general officer on 11 May 1978.

46
Q

Molly Marine

A

Monument in New Orleans to women who serve and have served as Marines, dedicated on the USMC birthday in 1943
First statue of a woman in uniform anywhere in the world was Joan D’Arc, in full armor, in Orleans, France

47
Q

Battle of Bladensburg

A

Aug 1814: 103 Marines and 400 Sailors made a vain attempt to block a force of 4000 British troops from advancing on Washington. Stopped 3 headlong charges before being driven back. British then moved down Bladensburg Road to Washington, where they burned several public buildings before retiring to their vessels in the Chesapeake Bay

48
Q

Battle of New Orleans

A

January 1815, under command of Gen Andrew Jackson, Marines defeated British Forces attacking NOLA. British lost appx 2000 men, American losses <100

49
Q

Battle of Belleau Wood

A

During WWI, helped crush a German offensive that threatened Paris. Renamed by French in honor of Marines “the Wood of the Brigade of Marines”
Evaluated by German intel as “storm troops” - highest rating on enemy fighting scale
In reference to their fighting ability, German troops referred to enemies as “Teufelhunden” or “Devildogs”

50
Q

Battle of Wake Island

A

1941 following air attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese struck Wake Island on 8 December. Heavily outnumbered but Marines mounted a courageous defense but fell on 23 December. Caused an extraordinary number of Japanese casualties and damage to the invading force

51
Q

Battle of Guadalcanal

A

7 August 1942: 1st Marine Division landed on beach of Guadalcanal in Solomon Islands and launched first US land offensive of WWII, marking first combat test of new amphibious doctrine and providing a base to launch further invasions of Japanese-held islands, a crucial turning point in the war.
Amphibious landings followed on the remaining Soloman Islands, including New Georgia, Choiseul (Feint), and Bougainville

52
Q

Battle of Tarawa

A

20 Nov 1943, Marines landed and secured Tarawa Atoll and Betio Island within 76 hours but paid a heavy price due to extended reef preventing landing craft from crossing it, leading to casualties by drowning and enemy fire.
Gilbert Islands in Central Pacific - Japanese commander proclaimed it would take a million Americans 100 years to conquer it

53
Q

Battle of Mariana Islands

A

June and July 1943 - airfields needed by Air Force and advanced bases needed for Navy, so Marines invaded islands of Saipan, Guam, and Tinian
LtGen Holland M. Smith led combined invasion force of Marines and soldiers numbering over 136,000, the greatest number of troops up to that time to operate in the field under Marine command

54
Q

Battle of Iwo Jima

A

19 Feb 1945 - largest all-Marine battle in history and bloodiest Marine battle in history with over 23,300 casualties
Increased air support and bombing operations against Japanese home islands
Admiral Chester W. Nimitz: “among the Americans who served on Iwo Island, uncommon valor was a common virtue”

55
Q

Battle of Okinawa

A

April 1945 - Marines and soldiers land and secured Okinawa Island, marking last large action of WWII
Due to death of Army commander, MajGen Roy S. Geiger assumed command of 10th Army and became only Marine officer ever to have commanded a field army

56
Q

Battle of Chosin Reservoir

A

November 1950 - after pushing into N Korea, cut off after Chinese Communist Forces entered the war. In march from Chosin Reservoir, the Marines defeated 7 enemy divisions (of 10 sent to annihilate them).
Major significance: during this battle, the Marines brought out all operable equipment, properly evacuated wounded and dead, and maintained tactical integrity

57
Q

Second Battle of Khe Sanh

A

January 1968 - defended firebase as Khe Sanh from attack force of two North Vietnamese Army divisions and held out over 2.5 months before finally forcing enemy forces to withdraw

58
Q

Battle of Hue City

A

January 1968 - during Vietnamese holiday of Tet, Communist forces launched a surprise offensive by infiltrating large numbers of troops into major population centers of Hue City, South Vietnam. Near division-sized unit of N Vietnamese Army troops occupied Hue City and the Citadel. First battle in built-up areas since Korean War, foregoing heavy arms to minimize civilian casualties, with house-to-house fighting with slow progress measured in yards.
City secured on 25 February 1968.

59
Q

Montford Point Marines

A

1942-1949, nearly 20k African-American men came to Montford Pt Camp in Jacksonville, NC
Trained separately, but served in battle, providing supplies and evacuating casualties
Battles including Saipan, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa
Many went on to hold prominent positions in society after service
Legacy of courage, perseverance, and overcoming adversity

60
Q

Navajo Code Talkers

A

1942-1945, 375-420 trained Navajos
Code that Japanese never broke, understood by fewer than 30 non-Navajos at outbreak of WWII
First group at Camp Pendleton, CA created the code
Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Peleliu, Iwo Jima (given credit for this victory)

61
Q

Women Marines

A 
Since August 13, 1918 - Opha Mae Johnson
First only clerical workers
Feb 1943 - MC Women's Reserve
June 12, 1948 - Women's Armed Services Integration Act by Congress - permanent part of regular USMC
As of 2012, >7% of USMC were women
62
Q

Women in USMC: 1918

A

Pvt Opha Mae Johnson - first woman to enlist in USMC-R

63
Q

Women in USMC: 1943

A

Captain Anne Lentz - first commissioned officer

Private Lucille McClarren - first enlisted woman

64
Q

Women in USMC: 1948

A

Women’s Armed Services Integration Act authorized 100 officers, 10 warrant officers, 1000 enlisted gradually over 2 years
First 8 enlisted women sworn in as regular Marines

65
Q

Women in USMC: 1949

A

First black female Marines enlisted

66
Q

Women in USMC: 1960

A

First woman Marine E-9: MGySgt Geraldine M. Moran

67
Q

Women in USMC: 1961

A

First woman to E-9: SgtMaj Bertha Peters Billeb

68
Q

Women in USMC: 1978

A

Col Margaret A. Brewer becomes first female general

69
Q

Women in USMC: 1996

A

LtGen Carol Mutter becomes first 3-star general in US Armed Forces as Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower and Reserve Affairs at HQMC in DC

70
Q

Significance of scarlet trouser stripe

A

Red stripe, first in 1798, first as fashion, but stated to commemorate blood shed in Battle of Chapultepec

71
Q

Significance of quatrefoil

A

Interwoven braid in cross of figure eights on top of Marine officer barracks covers
1859 - first as fashion, may have been worn so sharpshooters could identify the Marines from above

72
Q

Significance of Mameluke sword

A

Association began in early 19th century
“Mamelukes” were elite Muslim military force from NE Africa, used a sword with gold hilt, ivory handle, curved blade
Tradition states it was presented to Lt Presley O’Bannon after Tripoli by Prince Hamet Bey

73
Q

Significance of NCO sword

A

Only NCOs in US armed forces to wear a sword, second oldest US weapon still in use to Mameluke sword
Part of “esprit de corps”

74
Q

Significance of French fourragere

A

Senior unit award, first collective award, won by Marines

Worn by 5th and 6th Regiment for having earned Croix de Guerre with palm leaf three times during WWI

75
Q

Flags and colors

A

Colors/standards - each arm/branch has its own colors. USMC is scarlet with gold trim, emblem centered.
Organizational standards/colors - carried by supporting establishment commands and says United States Marine Corps
Battle colors/standards - Carried by FMF units with unit name and FMF, battle streamers awarded to unit are displayed just below mast head

76
Q

Guidon

A

Small rectangular flags made in USMC colors, for companies, batteries, or detachments

77
Q

USMC Birthday Ball customs

A

Will be celebrated on Saturday preceding, as able, within financial and condition limitations
Troop formations/parades, reading of General John A. Lejeune’s birthday message
Birthday ball with cake cutting ceremony - first piece of cake to the oldest Marine present, second to the youngest

Officer FMF (19 decks)

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