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Pharmacology PED1003 > Introduction to hormones and endocrine system > Flashcards

Introduction to hormones and endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones control and regulate…

A 
Reproduction
Growth and development
Body temperature
Water levels
Metabolism
Body defences
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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment against constantly changing circumstances.

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3
Q

When hormones go wrong

A 
Diabetes
Cancer
Acromegaly (Gigantism)
Hyperthyroidism (Grave's disease)
Cushings syndrome
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4
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical/protein synthesised by specific tissues and secreted into the bloodstream, whereby it is carried to non-adjacent sites in the body and exerts its actions.

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5
Q

How is the endocrine system organised?

A

Only target cells with receptors for a given hormone can alter their activities in response to the hormone.

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6
Q

The traditional endocrine system

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Several hormones to regulate pituitary function

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8
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Several hormones to regulate endocrine tissue function

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9
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Thyroid hormone

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10
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Parathyroid hormones

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11
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Cortisol, aldosterone, catecholamines

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12
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin, glucagon

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13
Q

Ovaries

A

Oestrogen, progesterone

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14
Q

Testes

A

Testosterone

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15
Q

Endocrine

A

‘Internal secretion’

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16
Q

Steroid hormones

A 
Synthesised from cholesterol
Lipophilic and hydrophobic
Intracellular receptors
Nucleus mediated effects
Slow action
Lipid soluble hormone, therefore intracellular receptors
17
Q

Example of Steroid hormones

A

Cortisol
Oestrogen
Testosterone
Progesterone

18
Q

Non-steroid hormones

A 
Polypeptides
Modified amino acids
Lipophilic and hydrophilic
Cell surface receptors
Membrane mediated effects
Rapid action
Water soluble hormone, therefore cell surface receptors
19
Q

Example of Non-steroid hormones

A

Insulin
Tyrosine (EG Catecholamines and dopamine)
Tryptophan (EG 5-HT and melatonin)

20
Q

Main hormone classes

A

Cholesterol (Steroid)
Tyrosine (Non-steroid)
Tryptophan (Non-steroid)
Protein/polypeptide (Non-steroid)

21
Q

Cholesterol (Steroid)

A 
Adrenal cortex (cortisol and aldosterone)
Ovaries and placenta (Oestrogen and progesterone)
Testes (Testosterone)
22
Q

Tyrosine (Non-steroid)

A

Catecholamine (Adrenaline and Noradrenaline)
Thyroid hormones (Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine)
Dopamine

23
Q

Tryptophan (Non-steroid)

A 
Pineal gland (melatonin)
GI tract, platelets and CNA (5-HT - Serotonin)
24
Q

Protein/polypeptide (Non-steroid)

A

Hypothalamus (TRH, GnRH and GHRH)
Pituitary gland (TSH, FSH, LH, GH, ACTH, ADH and Oxytocin)
Pancrease/GI tract (Insulin and Glucagon)

25
Q

Regulation of physiological functions

A

Metabolism - Cortisol
Water levels and blood volume - Antidiuretic hormone
Glucose levels - Insulin and Glucagon

26
Q

Types of feedback control

A
  1. Metabolism regulates by HPA axis (pg 98)
  2. Blood volume regulation by antidiuretic hormone (pg 99)
  3. Regulation of blood glucose by insulin and glucagon (pg 99)
27
Q

Factors controlling hormone levels

A

Neuronal control
Tropic control
Substrate control
Feedback control

28
Q

Neuronal control

A

The hormone is released directly in response to neuronal stimulation.

29
Q

Example of Neuronal control

A

ADH is secreted in response to stimulation of nuclei in the hypothalamus detecting osmotic pressure

30
Q

Tropic control

A

The hormone is released in response to stimulation from another hormone.
Cascade

31
Q

Example of Tropic control

A

Cortisol secreted in response to ACTH which is secreted tp CRH

32
Q

Substrate control

A

The hormone is directly influenced by circulating blood levels of the substrate that the hormone itself controls

33
Q

Example of Substrate control

A

Insulin is secreted in response to increased levels of circulating glucose.

34
Q

Feedback control

A

Exceeding a certain level of hormone inhibits further hormone release (most hormones)1

35
Q

Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of endocrine disorders

A

pCAP

Pharmacology PED1003 (18 decks)

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