Industrial revolution

Question 1

What is the industrial revolution?

Answer 1

The process of change from an agriculture and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. Period from 1750 to 1850. Changes in agriculture, mining, transport, manufacturing (machines and factories) and the harnessing of steam energy. This affected the social and economic and conditions of the time and future. It started in Britain, spread through western Europe and the rest of the world

Question 2

When and where was the industrial revolution?

Answer 2

During the years of 1750-1850 in Britain

Question 3

Before the revolution where did most people live and what work did they do in Britain?

Answer 3

Before the revolution in Britain, most people lived in rural areas. They farmed on the land and grew food for their families.

Question 4

What is industrialisation?

Answer 4

Britain began to use machines to make goods in factories, this is called industrialisation

Question 5

Why did people move to the cities (first page)?

Answer 5

There was development in towns and cities. Family is no longer worked in and around their homes. People move to the cities to be near a large factories where they could find work

Question 6

Who worked in factories? (first page)

Answer 6

Men, women and children as young as five years old worked long hours in factories.

Question 7

Why were children employed in factories?

Answer 7

Children were employed because they could reach places adults couldn’t. They would crawl on and under machines and climb on top of machines to clean them. Children were cruelly punished for their mistakes

Question 8

How did the revolution affect Southern Africa?

Answer 8

From 1860, the British colony of India sent indentured workers to the British colony of Natal. Sugar plantation owners used indentured Indian workers to grow sugar in large quantities. The sugar was produced in factories. After 1867, what is the discovery of diamonds at Kimberley, Southern Africa had a revolution.

Question 9

What is the Trans-atlantic trade?

Answer 9

Slave trade in which people were captured from West Africa and taking a slaves across the Atlantic ocean.

Question 10

Did Britain become wealthy from slave trade?

Answer 10

Britain became wealthy from trade particularly the Trans-Atlantic slave trade

Question 11

How did the slave trade make Britain wealthy?

Answer 11

Slaves were captured and traded in West Africa. They were taken across the Atlantic Ocean to America. To work on cotton, rice, tobacco and sugar plantations. The produce (raw materials) from these plantations were shipped to Britain. In Britain the raw materials were made into goods and sold in west Africa in other places in the world. Britain made a large profit

Question 12

Why was slaves taken across the Atlantic Ocean to America?

Answer 12

To work on cotton, rice, tobacco and sugar plantations

Question 13

Where was Bristol?

Answer 13

A city South-West England

Question 14

Why was Bristol important?

Answer 14

From the beginning of the 18th century until slave training was stopped in 1807, Bristol was an important support for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. Bristol sent ships to capture slaves in west Africa

Question 15

Why did many slaves die on the ships?

Answer 15

Many slaves died on the ship because of harsh conditions on the ships. 2000 ships per year. 250 slaves on each boat. Bristol controlled 20% of the slave trade in Britain

Question 16

What did the ships transport transport?

Answer 16

Ships brought cotton and sugar from America to Bristol. Woven cotton cloth and other goods made in Britain were sold in Europe, America and West Africa.

Question 17

Where were goods made in Britain sold?

Answer 17

In Europe, America and West Africa

Question 18

What is a merchant?

Answer 18

A person who has a trading business

Question 19

What was the farming economy?

Answer 19

Before nearly half the population of Britain lived in small farming villages. They use simple farming tools and produce only need to feed themselves. Farmland was shared and consisted of open fields that did not have fences, hedges or walls around them

Question 20

What is common land?

Answer 20

Land that is shared and can be used by everyone

Question 21

By the beginning of the 18th century England was growing richer and there were more demands what demands were there and why?

Answer 21

By the beginning of the 18th century, England was growing richer as a result of trade. The population is also increasing and therefore there was more demand for food. This demand lead to inventions and improve crop and livestock production

Question 22

What is the definition of inventions?

Answer 22

The creation of something new

Question 23

What was the enclosure system?

Answer 23

A movement to enclose and fence land that would then belong to one person. This means that there was no sharing of fields. This movement was a part of the agricultural revolution

Question 24

Why were larger in closed farms more efficient?

Answer 24

Larger enclosed farms were more efficient because more and better food production was made

Question 25

What was the agriculture revolution?

Answer 25

A change in the way farming was done

Question 26

When was the first land enclosed?

Answer 26

First enclosed in the 16th century by wealthy landowners

Question 27

What did wealthy landowners want?

Answer 27

They wanted large sheep farms to produce wool

Question 28

What Did the government have to do with the enclosure system and by when was it carried out?

Answer 28

This system was regulated by the government laws through acts of parliament. It was carried out in the 1760s and 1770s

Question 29

Why did the enclosure system suit wealthy landowners?

Answer 29

This suit in the wealthy landowners because only they were allowed to use this land. No common land. Common land became private property

Question 30

What did the enclosure system do to small farmers and farm laborers?

Answer 30

Small farmers and farm laborers suffered. They were left poor and homeless. They had to leave the rural areas and move to the growing industrial towns to find work as miners and factory workers

Question 31

What is the three field crop rotation?

Answer 31

In the 18th century, farmers still used three field crop rotation to keep the land fertile. Farmers let one field lie fellow each year, and not plant the same crops two years running in a field.

Question 32

What does fallow mean?

Answer 32

Not planted all used

Question 33

What is the cottage industry?

Answer 33

Products made it home, in a cottage

Question 34

What happened in the cottage industry?

Answer 34

Handicrafts made it home by the people who lived in farming villages. Some people had a second job like weaving woollen cloth.

Question 35

Who were the people involved in the cottage industry and why did they need extra money?

Answer 35

People involved were the wives of farm laborers. They needed to earn extra money to supplement their husbands wages

Question 36

What was the woolen cloth industry?

Answer 36

It’s the oldest cottage industry in England. The making of woollen cloth for clothing and several different crafts and people involved

Question 37

Name the steps of the woollen cloth industry

Answer 37

1. A merchant, or trader would buy the raw material, the fleece (wool) of sheep from farmers
2. Women would prepare the wool by using strong brushes
3. Women called spinsters would spin and comb the wool into a thread
4. Men called Weavers, would use hand looms to weave the spun will into cloth
5. A man called a fuller would trample cloth in a kind of clay called Fuller’s Earth, to shrink and soften the cloth
6. The merchant paid the different crafts people. He would then sell the cloth and make a profit

Question 38

What Does manufacture mean?

Answer 38

To make things using machines

Question 39

What is the Spinning Jenny?

Answer 39

In 1764 James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny. It spins many threads at the same time.

Question 40

What is the Water Frame?

Answer 40

In 1769 Richard Arwright made a water frame. Used water to drive a spinning machine

Question 41

What was the Power Loom?

Answer 41

In 1785 Richard Catwright invented a Power Loom. Weaves very fast.

Question 42

What Changes were made in machines?

Answer 42

Machines were invented to produce goods more quickly. First machines were invented for manufacturing of cloth, woollen cloth from sheep, cotton cloth from slave plantations in America.

Question 43

What changes were made in factories?

Answer 43

New machines were too big to fit into houses. Large buildings had to be built. People have to leave their homes and work at factories

Question 44

What changes were made in power and energy?

Answer 44

An engine that you steam to power a machine was first invented. In 1770 James Watt improve the technology. To boil the water to make steam, coal was needed. Iron was to withstand the heat

Question 45

What changes were made in mining?

Answer 45

Call and iron ore were mined before. Now they needed greater quantities. Steam pumps were used to pump water out of mines so that miners could dig deeper. Factories were close to mines

Question 46

What changes were made in transportation?

Answer 46

Goods in factories had to be transported to seaports. Before they were transported along dirt roads by coaches and wagons pulled by horses. John MacAdam invented ‘tarmac’ roads. By 1830 new roads had been built between factory towns and seaports. George Stephenson developed a steam powered engine that traveled along rails. In 1830 the ‘Rocket’ pulled a train of wagons. Railway travel became faster and was the main way unprocessed goods were transported

Question 47

What is urbanisation?

Answer 47

Urbanisation is the movement of people from rural areas to towns and cities.

Question 48

Where were factories built near mining towns?

Answer 48

Factories were built near mining towns in northern England, Midland and Wales

Question 49

Why did towns grow?

Answer 49

People had to move from their homes in rural areas because of the enclosure system. In this way towns grew. Towns were not a pleasant place to live

Question 50

What did factory owners do for their workers?

Answer 50

Factory owners built small houses for workers. The houses were crammed close together. They were near factories with their smoking chimneys. Houses were joined together. Built in double rows, back to back. Each street had only one water pump. A sewer ran down the middle of the street. Towns were very dirty and diseases spread quickly

Question 51

Why did the lives of people who came from rural areas completely change?

Answer 51

They became part of the factory system. Factory workers worked long hours at machines. Wages were so low that men, women and children how to work in order to buy food to survive. Children were the worst paid. Factory owners became rich and the workers lived in poverty

Question 52

What would workhouses?

Answer 52

Workhouses existed in Britain from the 1600s. They were places to help the very poor. In exchange for food and a place to sleep. People worked for no pay. These were not comfortable places. When people had nowhere else to go they went to work houses. Factory owners sometimes used oprhan children to work in factories from work houses

Question 53

What was mines and child labor?

Answer 53

Coal mines were dangerous places to work because they were small children and women employed. They had to pull and carry coal along tunnels to the surface. Before the Mines Act of 1842, children under the age of ten were employed.

Question 54

What were factories and child labor?

Answer 54

Thousands of children worked in factories. Mills employed children who were as young as five years old

Question 55

What are mills?

Answer 55

Factories that process raw materiald like cotton and sugar are mills

Question 56

Before the 18th century how many social classes did Britain consist of?

Answer 56

Before the 18th century Britain consisted of two social classes

Question 57

What were the social classes?

Answer 57

They were rich nobles who owned most of the land and small farmers and laborers who work the land. As trade became more important a wealthy class of merchants (factory owners) called the middle-class developed. Workers became the working class

Question 58

What was the working class organisation?

Answer 58

Factory and farmworkers were paid poorly. They were always at the risk of becoming unemployed because of new inventions and machines. It was illegal for workers to resist by organizing and working together against employers

Question 59

What Did the workers an agriculture used to do?

Answer 59

Were they separated the grain from wheat plants by hand. Threshing machines were invented in the late 18th century. It did many work of people and let them jobless.

Question 60

What is threshing?

Answer 60

Separating grains of wheat from the husks and stalks

Question 61

What were swing riots?

Answer 61

Farmworkers wanted to draw attention. Swing right way to protest and resistance by farm labourers. It’s spread all over southern England in 1830. What is destroyed hundreds of threshing machines. Physical attacks gave strength to farmworkers. Laws were passed that helped both farm workers and factory owners

Question 62

What name did the Swing rioters use and why?

Answer 62

The leaders of the protest used the name Captain Swing to keep their real name a secret to avoid being arrested. They wrote intimidating letters to machine owners

Question 63

What did factories do to craft-workers?

Answer 63

Factories cost many craft workers their job. Power loom and weaving machines. This meant that specialize weavers were not needed anymore

Question 64

Who was Ned Ludd?

Answer 64

Ned Ludd was very well known for breaking machines in 1779

Question 65

What were the Luddities?

Answer 65

In 1811, weavers and other workers began destroying factories and machines. They blamed Ned by saying “Ned Ludd di it”

Question 66

What was the Friendly Societies?

Answer 66

Workers first rioting and protesting against bad working conditions and then work together. First unions were called ‘Friendly Societies’. Some workers came together to save money for times of illness or unemployment. Also demanded shorter work hours and to end child labour.

Question 67

When did unions unite?

Answer 67

Unions united when the Grand National Consolidated Trade was formed. Within a week with a half 1 million members. The government was alarmed and harsh prison sentences discourage people from joining. The unions collapsed

Question 68

What was the ‘Great Exhibition of works of Industry of All Nations’?

Answer 68

Britain held a ‘Great Exhibition of works of Industry of All Nation’s in London. Crystal Palace in London’s Hyde Park. Iron framework and huge sheets of plate glass. To show Britain’s technological superiority.

Question 69

When did Western Europe industrialise more?

Answer 69

Britain was the first industrialised nation. The first half of the 19th century western European countries starting to industrialise more

Question 70

What happened in the second half of the 19th century?

Answer 70

In the second half other European countries like France and Germany started to compete with Britain in terms of wealth and power