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knowledge for practice > module two > Flashcards

module two Flashcards

1
Q

why is nutrition important?

A
  • a holistic view of health
  • can help to prevent non communicable diseases
  • important for growth and development
  • healthy ageing
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2
Q

what calculation assesses BMI?

A

weight (kg)/ height (m)2

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3
Q

what things do you have to take into consideration when calculating a BMI

A

gender, ethnic differences, athletes, it does not diagnose body fatness

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4
Q

what are the good things about a BMI (body mass index) chart

A
  • cost effective
  • is a helpful diagnostic tool
  • good at population level
  • use in conjunction with other measures
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5
Q

how to calculate waist to hip ratio

A

waist circumference/ hip circumference

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6
Q

what does a BMI calculate

A

it is an indicator of body fatness and can tell the person if they are in a healthy weight range or above or below.

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7
Q

what does a waist to hip ratio calculate

A

it is a quick measure of fat distribution that may help indicate a persons overall health. people who carry more weight around their middle then their hips may be at a higher risk of developing certain health conditions

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8
Q

what are fad diets?

A

they are diets that promote disordered eating and nutrient deficiencies e.g keto, paleo, fasting, juice cleanse, carnivore, weight watchers

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9
Q

successful weight loss efforts include

A
  • a wide variety of whole foods
  • a balanced approach
  • education
  • physical activity
  • a slower, steadier approach
  • individual differences
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10
Q

what factors contribute to health

A

family, individual health, education, workplace, environment, social support, economy, transport

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11
Q

what diseases can you get from not eating healthy

A
  • cancer
  • T2 diabetes
  • obesity
  • malnutrition
  • cardiovascular disease
  • tooth decay
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12
Q

what diseases can you get from not exercising

A
  • heart disease
  • high blood pressure
  • obesity
  • strokes
  • high cholesterol
  • hypertension
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13
Q

MOH eating statements (health promoting messages)

A
  • plenty of fruit and veg
  • grain foods
  • some milk and milk products, mostly low and reduced fat
  • some legumes; nuts, seeds, fish, eggs, poultry
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14
Q

MOH food and drink (health promoting messages)

A
  • with little to no added sugar
  • with unsaturated fats instead of saturated fats
  • that are low in salt
  • that are mostly whole and less processed
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15
Q

MOH drinking alcohol (health promoting messages)

A
  • do not drink when pregnant or breast feeding
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16
Q

MOH storing food (health promoting messages)

A

take extra care to protect yourself from food borne illnesses if you’re pregnant

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17
Q

what are the functions of water in the body

A
  • TRANSPORTING nutrients to cells and waste from cells
  • TRANSPORTING hormones, enzymes, blood platelets and red and white blood cells
  • facilitating CELLULAR METABOLISM and proper cellular chemical functioning
  • acting as a SOLVENT for electrolytes and non electrolytes
  • helping MAINTAIN normal body temperatures
  • FACILITATING digestion and promoting elimination
  • acting as a TISSUE LUBRICANT
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18
Q

what are common signs and symptoms of fluid deficit (dehydration)

A
  • impaired cognitive function
  • reduced physical performance
  • headaches, fatigue, sunken eyes and dry, less elastic skin
  • low urine output
  • decrease in weight
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19
Q

what are common signs and symptoms of fluid overload

A
  • oedema (excess fluid leaks into the interstitial spaces)
  • hypertension (abnormally high blood pressure)
  • dyspnoea (accumulation of fluid in the lungs)
  • increase in weight
  • high urine output
  • headache, blurred vision, irritability
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20
Q

what is the goal of the body

A

to maintain homeostasis. this is achieved when ECF has normal sodium concentration.

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21
Q

what are solvents and solutes

A

solvents- liquids that hold a substance in solution. water is the primary solvent
solutes- substances dissolved in a solution. electrolytes and non electrolytes and solutes.

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22
Q

how do you maintain fluid balance

A
  • fluid intake should be balanced to fluid loss
  • water intake is obtained from fluid and food in diet
  • fluid loss is mostly lost through urine output but also through the skin as sweat, through the respiratory tract and in faecal matter
  • fluid intake is mainly regulated by thirst
  • check the persons weight
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23
Q

source of fluids

A
  • ingested liquids
  • food
  • metabolism
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24
Q

what can fluid loss lead to

A
  • hypotension
  • tachycardia
  • weak, thready pulse
  • cold hands and feet
  • oliguria (reduced urine output)
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25
Q

what are the most common signs of acute fluid overload

A
  • oedema
  • hypertension (high blood pressure)
  • dyspoea (difficulty breathing)
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26
Q

health problems caused by fluid overload

A
  • kidney disease
  • diabetes mellitus
  • liver disease
  • heart failure
  • oedema
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27
Q

reasons that cause fluid deficit

A
  • refusal to drink
  • Alzheimer’s, dementia
  • fluid restriction for conditions such as heart failure
  • diarrhoea and vomiting
  • polyuria (production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine)
  • medication
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28
Q

what are the 3 main elements to assess fluid balance and hydration status

A
  1. clinical assessment
  2. review of fluid balance charts
  3. review of blood chemistry
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29
Q

components of a clinical assessment

A
  • vital signs
  • body weight
  • urine output/ strength/ colour
  • medications
  • thirst perception
  • mucous membrane inspection
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30
Q

importance fluid balance chart

A
  • monitoring a patients fluid balance to prevent dehydration or over hydration
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31
Q

why are hospital associated infections so high

A
  • environments
  • clinical practice
  • education
  • financial
  • human factors
  • equipment
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32
Q

what is ANTT

A

a technique which aims to prevent micro organisms from being introduced to susceptible body sites
Aseptic Non Touch Technique

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33
Q

what does ANTT stand for

A

A- always clean hands effectively
N- never contaminate key parts or key sites
T- touch non key parts with confidence
T- take standard IPC (infection prevention control) precautions

34
Q

what is sterile technique

A

totally free from micro organisms

35
Q

what is aseptic technique

A

prevent micro organisms being introduced to susceptible sites

36
Q

6 actions for safe aseptic technique

A
  1. ANTT risk management
  2. environmental management
  3. decontamination and protection
  4. aseptic field management
  5. non touch technique
  6. preventing cross infection
37
Q

what does TIME stand for

A

T- tissue management
I- inflammation and infection control
M- moisture balance
E- epithelial (edge) advancement

38
Q

tissue management

A

-Necrotic- Dry vs moist (boggy), black, brown, grey
- Sloughy = Dry / Thick / Tenacious / friable
- Granulating = Beefy red / pale / moist / dry
(Think about intrinsic factors if granulation tissue altered e.g. infection, nutrition, malignancy)
- Hypergranulation
- Epithelialisation- Signs of within wound bed or at wound edges

39
Q

signs of an infected wound

A
  • increased pain
  • malodour
  • oedema
  • increased exudate
  • increased temperature
40
Q

moisture balance

A
  • asses for infection to control
  • compression bandages to stop oedema
  • negative pressure wound therapy
41
Q

what does normal respiration look like

A
  • regular
  • no sound
  • the patient looks calm
  • when breathing the belly expands
42
Q

how does a pulse oximeter assess oxygen saturation

A

it measures the percentage of hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen. it provides an estimate of arterial oxygen saturation

43
Q

what might affect the pulse oximetry reading

A

nail polish, long nails, cold hands, any substance on the finger

44
Q

what is the peak expiratory flow rate

A

measures the amount and rate of air exhaled by the patient. how fast they can exhale.

45
Q

how is PEFR measured

A

by a peak flow meter than you blow into

46
Q

when is a peak flow meter used

A

to monitor respiratory conditions such as asthma and prevent an asthma attack. you use it when you wake up and before you take medication, when you are having asthma symptoms or an asthma attack, after taking medication, any time your provider tells you to

47
Q

what colour are medical air and oxygen cylinders

A

oxygen cylinders are white and medical air is blue and black

48
Q

on medical cylinder labels, what do different coloured diamonds represent?

A 
green= non flammable and non toxic 
red= fire hazard
yellow=  the gas acts as an oxidising agent 
blue= health hazard 
white= toxic gas
49
Q

safety tips you must observe when handling medical gas

A
  1. store in well ventilated area
  2. secure up right with restraint
  3. check cylinder for unique barcode
  4. keep full and empty cylinders seperate
  5. read labels before use
  6. wear safety clothing
  7. always move cylinders with the correct type of trolley
  8. keep free from sources of ignition
  9. never knock violently or allow to fall
  10. keep free of oil and grease
  11. do not force when opening and closing valves
50
Q

does oxygen need to be prescribed

A

yes

51
Q

what 6 components make up the infection cycle

A

organism- reservoir- portal of exit- transmission- portal of entry- vulnerable hosts

52
Q

what do the 6 components mean

A
  1. infection causing ORGANISMS including bacteria, viruses and fungi.
  2. the RESERVOIR for growth of microorganisms in their natural habitat
  3. PORTAL OF EXIT is the point where the organism escapes the reservoir
  4. organisms are TRANSMITTED by direct or indirect contact, or via air or droplets
  5. PORTAL OF ENTRY is where organisms enter a new host
  6. organisms only exist in a host that is SUSCEPTIBLE
53
Q

what steps can you take to break the chain of infection between reservoir and portal of exit?

A

use sterilised or disposable supplies. wash hands all the time. PPE gear

54
Q

what are the 5 moments of hand washing

A
  1. before patient contact
  2. before a procedure
  3. after a procedure or body fluid exposure risk
  4. after patient contact
  5. after contact with patient surroundings
55
Q

what are the 4 phases of infection

A
  1. incubation period- the interval between the pathogens invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection as the organisms multiply and grow.
  2. prodromal stage- when the person exhibits early clinical manifestations of disease
  3. acute illness- the person exhibits specific clinical manifestations of the disease
  4. convalescent period- the recovery period from the disease
56
Q

stages of gibbs reflective cycle (used to guide your reflection)

A
  • identify your FEELINGS
  • EVALUATE the experience
  • ANALYSING the experience
  • drawing CONCLUSIONS
  • draw up an ACTION plan for the future
57
Q

what safety things are available in hospital to prevent falls

A

bed rails, beds that can be lowered, wheel-locking devices on beds, non slip mats in wet areas, non skid slippers for patients

58
Q

what to write when making an incident report

A
  • what you saw, heard or did
  • avoid opinions, judgements or conclusions
  • complete the report as soon as possible after the incident
  • report any incident that causes harm
  • report any near misses
59
Q

what has an influence on a person getting a disease

A

number of organisms, competence of the persons immune system, type of contact between organism and person

60
Q

what PPE gear do you have to wear

A

gloves, gowns, masks and protective eye wear

61
Q

what does a general survey contain

A

level of consciousness, skin colour, speech, facial expressions, behaviour, physical development, gender and sexual development

62
Q

what type of information do you get during a health assessment (subjective or objective)

A

subjective

63
Q

what are the 5 communication methods

A
  • listening
  • non verbal
  • verbal
  • questioning
  • written
64
Q

features of a person centred relationship

A
  • has a specific purpose
  • unequal sharing of information
  • is built on the persons needs
65
Q

what is a therapeutic relationship

A

a relationship centered around the patient, what they want and how they feel.

66
Q

features of a therapeutic relationship

A
  • has a timeframe
  • a goal directed approach
  • high expectation of confidentiality
  • non judgemental acceptance of client
67
Q

two non therapeutic communication interventions

A
  • authoritative= offering knowledge, making suggestions or directing the client
  • facilitative= encourages the client to solve problems and express emotions
68
Q

what is ISBAR

A

a communication framework that should be used to keep conversations clear and focused

69
Q

what does ISBAR stand for

A 
I- introduction 
S- situation 
B- background 
A- assessment 
R- recommendation
70
Q

what is SOAPIE used for

A

for documenting patient care

71
Q

what does SOAPIE stand for

A 
S- subjective 
O- objective 
A- analysis 
P-plan 
I- implementation 
E- evaluation
72
Q

what are the 9 rights

A 
right patient
right medication 
right dose 
right route
right time 
right documentation 
right response 
right reason
right type
73
Q

ICF (intracellular fluid) is how much of the body

A

2/3

74
Q

ECF (extracellular fluid) is how much of the body

A

1/3

75
Q

a fluctuation of what percentage of fluid volume can have an adverse effect on someones health?

A

5-10%

76
Q

nasal prong oxygen delivery is safe for up to how many litres of oxygen per minute?

A

4 litres

77
Q

what are the 4 stages of wound healing

A
  1. haemostasis
  2. inflammation
  3. proliferative
  4. remodelling (maturing)
78
Q

what happens in the haemostasis stage of wound healing (first phase happens in minutes)

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • hageman factor
  • clot formation seals the wound
79
Q

what happens in the inflammation stage of wound healing (second phase happens in days)

A
  • vasodilation
  • macrophages attracted to wound space to to mount inflammatory response
  • bacteria is destroyed
80
Q

what happens in the proliferative stage of wound healing (third phase happens in 2-3 weeks)

A
  • granulation- fibroblasts lay down collagen and new capillaries are produced
  • contraction- wound edges pull together
  • epithelialisation- cells move towards each other from wound margins
81
Q

what happens in the remodelling stage of wound healing (fourth phase 3 weeks to 2 years)

A
  • Restructuring of collagen fibres which adds tensile strength to wounds
  • Scar tissue only 80 % as strong as original tissue
  • Priority for wound = protection

knowledge for practice (2 decks)

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