Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year Two - Endocrine System > Hypercalcaemia > Flashcards

Hypercalcaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal serum calcium concentration?

A

2.2mmol/L - 2.6mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is hypercalcaemia?

A

It is defined as a serum calcium concentration greater than 2.6mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three classifications of hypercalcaemia?

A

Mild Hypercalcaemia

Moderate Hypercalcaemia

Severe Hypercalcaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is mild hypercalcaemia?

A

It is defined as serum calcium levels below 3mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is moderate hypercalcaemia?

A

It is is defined as serum calcium levels between 3mmol/L - 3.5mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is severe hypercalcaemia?

A

It is defined as serum calcium levels greater than 3.5mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the eight risk factors of hypercalcaemia?

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Malignancy

Addison’s Disease

Acromegaly

Hyperthyroidism

Sarcoidosis

Paget’s Disease

Drug Administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia in community patients?

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia in hospitalised patients?

A

Malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which four malignancies are associated with hypercalcaemia?

A

Squamous cell lung cancer

Prostate cancer

Bone metastases

Myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What two drugs are associated with hypercalcaemia?

A

Thiazide diuretics

Vitamin D supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the twelve clinical features of hypercalcaemia?

A

“Bones, stones, groans and psychic moans”

Fatigue

Bone Pain

Osteoporosis

Polyuria

Polydipsia

Renal Calculi

Abdominal Pain

Constipation

Corneal Calcification

Confusion

Low Mood

Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two investigations used to diagnose hypercalcaemia?

A

Blood Tests

ECG Scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What four blood test results indicate hypercalcaemia?

A

Increased Calcium Levels

Decreased Phosphate Levels

Normal/Increased PTH Levels

Increased ACE Levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the first line investigation used to investigate hypercalcaemia?

A

Parathyroid hormone blood test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are PTH levels used to investigate hypercalcaemia?

A

They enable identification of primary hyperparathyroidism - which is a common cause of hypercalcaemia

17
Q

How are ACE levels used to investigate hypercalcaemia?

A

They enable identification of sarcoidosis - which is a common cause of hypercalcaemia

18
Q

What are the two ECG scan features of hypercalcaemia?

A

Shortened QTc Interval

Bradycardia

19
Q

What are the three pharmacological management options of hypercalcaemia?

A

IV Fluid Therapy

Bisphosphonates

Calcitonin

20
Q

When is IV fluid therapy used to manage hypercalcaemia?

A

It is the first line management option

21
Q

What IV fluid is used to manage hypercalcaemia?

A

0.9% saline

22
Q

When are bisphosphonates used to manage hypercalcaemia?

A

They are the second line management option of hypercalcaemia, following rehydration with normal saline

23
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates?

A

They inhibit bone resorption, preventing the release of calcium from bone stores

24
Q

When is calcitonin used to manage hypercalcaemia?

A

It is the third line management option of hypercalcaemia, in cases where bisphosphonates are contraindicated

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of calcitonin?

A

It inhibits osteoclast cells, which therefore reduces bone breakdown and prevents the release of calcium from bone stores

26
Q

What is the surgical management option of hypercalcaemia?

A

Parathyroidectomy

27
Q

When is parathyroidectomy used to manage hypercalcaemia?

A

It is considered in cases where hypercalcaemia is related to primary hyperparathyroidism

28
Q

What is parathyroidectomy?

A

It involves removal of one of the parathyroid glands

29
Q

What advice should be given to hypercalcaemia patients whilst awaiting endocrinology follow up?

A

Increased fluid intake

Year Two - Endocrine System (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions