Module 2

Question 1

Levels of Organisation in the human Body

Answer 1

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems,

Question 2

4 Different Types of Tissues

Answer 2

Epithelial Tissues, Nervous Tissue, Muscle Tissue, Connective Tissue.

Question 3

What is ECM? (Extracellular Matric Fluid)

Answer 3

• located outside the cells and produced by the cells of a specific tissue
• is a matrix of proteins, salts, water and dissolved macromolecules
• monitored and maintained by cells
• changes in response to physical stresses
• muscle has little ECM; Connective Tissue has more

Question 4

Function of Epithelial Tissue

Answer 4

• covers body surfaces, lines cavities and forms glands, i.e. skin

Question 5

Function of Nervous Tissue

Answer 5

Receives, transmits and integrates information to control body activities (Neurons)

Question 6

Function of Muscle Tissue

Answer 6

Responsible for movement & support of body parts, or movement of materials within the body

Question 7

Function of Connective TIssue

Answer 7

Supports the other tissues, protects the other tissues and binds together tissues, storage of fats and minerals, supports organs structurally and functionally.

Question 8

What do neurons do?

Answer 8

• transmit information through action potentials

Glial Cells support neurons.

Question 9

Types and Functions of Muscle Tissue (3)

Answer 9

1. Cardiac Muscle - heartbeat & moves blood.
2. Smooth Muscle - peristalysis & moves food
3. Skeletal Muscle - important for movement and interaction with environment

Question 10

Types & Functions of Connective Tissue (4)

Answer 10

1. Loose Connective Tissue (between/around organs and beneath skin, like edomysum layer)
2. Fibrous Connective Tissue - dense bundles of collagen fibres from bone to muscle, provides some sock absorption, limits range of motion
3. Cartiliage - smooth elastic connective tissue protects ends of long bones, in between ribs,
4. Bone - mineralised connective tissue

Question 11

Difference between Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts in bone

Answer 11

Osteoblasts responsible for bone growth, osteocytes mature bone and maintain/monitor bone matrix, osteoclasts are bone resorbing and destroy it.

Question 12

Function of Organ System

Answer 12

Organ System involves multiple organs that work together to coordinate activities for the organism - Nervous System, Skeletal System, Muscular System

Question 13

Describe Anatomical Position

Answer 13

1. Standing Upright
2. Feet Parallel on the floor
3. Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away
4. Head level and looking forward
5. Arms positioned at side

Question 14

Describe Axial

Answer 14

Axial includes, head, neck and trunk - along the vertical axis of the body

Question 15

Describe Appendicular

Answer 15

Appendicular include upper and lower limbs - all those not attached to axial

Question 16

Name 4 Body Cavities

Answer 16

• Cranial Cavity
• Thoracic Cavity (heart/lungs)
• Abdominal Cavity (digestive system)
• Pelvic Cavity (bladder and reproductive organs, etc.)

Question 17

Directional Terminology: Describe locations of anterior, posterior, superior, interior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal,

Answer 17

Anterior - back to chest, Posterior - chest to back
Superior - hips to head
Inferior - hips to feet
Medial - inwards from each shoulder towards spine
Lateral - outwards away from spine in transverse plane
Proximal - from feet up, or hands up
Distal - from shoulders down, or knees down.

Question 18

Describe differences from Unilateral, Bilateral, Ipsilateral, vs. Contralateral

Answer 18

Unilateral - one side, one pain,
Bilateral - both sides, in one section
Ipsilateral - on both sides on longitudal axis, both left arm and leg.
Contralateral - opposing limbs, left leg and right arm

Question 19

Sagital Plane

Answer 19

Vertically down center through nose, between legs

Question 20

Coronal/Frontal Plane

Answer 20

Vertical plane of face, separating spine from chest through all limbs

Question 21

Transverse Plane

Answer 21

Horizontal Plane in line of hips, dividing superior from inferior

Question 22

Coronal Axis

Answer 22

On Sagital Plane, directional movement occurs around coronal axis like flexion and extension of the limbs, soldier walk.

Question 23

Sagital Axis

Answer 23

On Coronal Plane, directional movement occurs around sagital axis like abduction and adduction; tilting of head, star jumps with palms forward

Question 24

Longitudinal Axis

Answer 24

On Transverse Plane, directional movement occurs around longitudinal axis like rotation of the head, pronation and supination of forearm - basically rotating it.