GI: Gross anatomy basics Part 2

Question 1

Peritoneum

Answer 1

• Serous membrane
• lines inner walls of abdominal cavity (parietal) and covers organs (visceral)
• Produces fluid
  
  • lubrication so no friction or irritation when sliding

Question 2

Peritoneum: Mesentery

Answer 2

• double sheet of peritoneal membrane
• attaches the intestines to abdominal walls
  
  • stabilizes positions of attached organs
  • prevents intestines from being entagled
• povides passageway for:
  
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatic vessels
  • nerves

Question 3

Peritoneum: Omentum

Answer 3

• Peritoneal structures attached to the stomach
  
  • attaches organ to abdominal wall
• Greater omentum
  
  • Greater Curve of Stomach (Apron)—>tranverse colon
    
    • gastrosplenic
    • gastrocolic
    • gastrodiaphragmatic
• Lesser Omentum
  
  • Lesser curvature of stomach to liver
    
    • hepatogatric
    • hepotdudoenal

Question 4

Peritoneum: Ligament

Answer 4

• more defined area of the peritoneum
• connects organ with another organ or abdominal wall

Question 5

Peritoneal Structures:

Answer 5

• Greater Omentum
• Lesser Omentum
• Falciform ligament
• Mesentery of small intestine
• Mesocolons

Question 6

Greater Omentum

Answer 6

• attached to greater curvature of stomach
  
  • hangs like apron
• contains ligaments:
  
  • gastrodiaphgramatic
    
    • attaches to left side of diaphragm
  • gastrosplenic
    
    • attaches to the spleen (Over the kidney)
  • gastrocolic
    
    • attaches to transverse colon
• Mobile
• Adheres to areas of inflammation
• Stores lipid energy reserves

Question 7

Lesser Omentum

Answer 7

• attaches Liver to:
  
  • lesser curvature of stomach
    
    • via hepatogastric ligament
  • Duodenum
    
    • via hepatoduodenal ligament

Question 8

Falciform Ligament

Answer 8

• sickle shaped
• attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall
• seperates anatomical left and right lobes

Question 9

Mesentery of Small Intestine

Answer 9

• Fan-shaped mesentary
• attaches jejunum and ileum to posterior abdominal wall
• Provides stability but allows some independent movement
• Passageway for
  
  • blood vessels and other strctures to itestinal segments

Question 10

Mesocolons

Answer 10

• Part of the Mesentary:
  
  • Attaches colon (transverse and sigmoid) to posterior abdominal wall
• provide support
• allow considerable freedom of movement

Question 11

Liver

Answer 11

• Wedge shaped
• largest visceral organ
• Anterosuperior (Diaphragmatic) & Posteroinferior (Visceral) surfaces seperated anteriorly by sharp inferior border
• Wrapped in tough fibrous capsule
• visceral peritoneum covers most of surface
• 4 lobes of unequal size
  
  • Left
  • caudate
  • quadrate (functionally part of left
  • right

Question 12

Liver: Funciton

Answer 12

• performs essental metabolic and synthetic functions
• largest blood reservoir in body

Question 13

Vascular Supply of liver

Answer 13

• Arterial blood from Proper hepatic artery (in lesser omentum)
  
  • 1/3 of blood supply
• Venous blood from hepatic portal vein (in lesser omentum)
  
  • 2/3 of blood supply
    
    • coming from stomch, small intestine, and most of large intestine

Question 14

Hepatic ducts

Answer 14

• collect bile from left and right lobes
• unite to form common hepatic duct

Question 15

Common Bile duct

Answer 15

• Formed by:
  
  • common hepatic duct
  • cystic duct (from gall bladder(
• Descends in lesser omentum and joins with pancreatic duct before penetrating wall of descending part of duodenum

Question 16

Gall Bladder

Answer 16

• Pear shaped
• muscular sac
• located in posterior surface of right lobe
• rounded fundus, body and neck
• stores and concentrates bile prior to excretion into small intestines

Question 17

Gall stones

Answer 17

• Calculi can be hepatic, cystic, or bile ducts
• stones made of:
  
  • cholesterol
    
    • most common type
  • Bilirubin
    
    • occur when RBCs are being excessively destroyed
• Can cause biliary colic

Question 18

Pancreas

Answer 18

• Located:
  
  • Duodenal curve to spleen
  • posterior to stomach
• Retroperitoneal
  
  • except for tail
• Secretes:
  
  • bicarbonate
    
    • neutralizes gastric acid entering duodenum
  • Digestive enzymes
  • insulin
  • glucagon

Question 19

What are the four parts of the pancreas

Answer 19

• Head
  
  • expanded part in C-shaped curve of duodenum
• Neck
  
  • constricted area
• Body
  
  • longest part
• Tail:
  
  • tapered, rounded end near spleen

Question 20

Pancreatic Duct

Answer 20

• Joins common bile duct–>hepatopancreatic ampulla–>Duodenum