Animals part 2

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller units (digestion)

Question 3

Anabolism

Answer 3

metabolic reactions that use energy to produce larger molecules from smaller subunits (building muscle)

Question 4

Basal Metabolic rate

Answer 4

The rate at which energy is used by an organism when at rest

Question 5

Factors affecting Basal Metabolic Rate

Answer 5

Body size: the larger the body, the more energy is required to stay alive
Physical activity: muscles burn more energy than fat, so physical activity requires more energy
Sex: Males are typically larger in size, and have a greater proportion of muscle mass than females of the same size, age and fitness
Age: metabolic rate decreases with age
Heredity factors: some individuals naturally have higher or lower metabolic rates

Question 6

Carbs

Answer 6

Major source of energy for all body function

Excess carbohydrates in the body are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle, but they can also be stored as fats if glycogen storage is full

Question 7

Cellulose

Answer 7

Polysaccharide found in plants
Cannot be broken down by humans and therefore has no nutritional value
Also known as fiber
Aids in movement of food through digestive system

Question 8

Proteins

Answer 8

Made up of combinations of 20 different amino acids, joined by peptide bonds

Important roles: 
Enzymes
Hormones (chemical messengers)
Transporting oxygen (hemoglobin in red blood cells)
Structures (muscles, hair, nails)
Antibodies in blood

Question 9

Fats/Lipids

Answer 9

Concentrated source of energy (1 g = 38kJ) twice as much energy as proteins and carbohydrates
Many important roles in the body
Lipids in the cell membrane maintain fluidity
Protection around organs and joints
Surround nerve cells to increase speed of nerve impulse
Insulates body

Question 10

Vitamins

Answer 10

Most act as coenzymes, binding to enzymes to ensure proper function
Two types of vitamin : fat soluble and water soluble
Fat soluble are stored in the body’s fatty tissue for later use and cannot be eliminated
Water soluble cannot be stored in the body and are easily excreted in urine and sweat, that must be replenished every day through diet

Question 11

Minerals

Answer 11

Used for a variety of functions:
→ Iron in hemoglobin
→ Calcium in bones and teeth
Main source of minerals are plants, but we get some from meat
Excess minerals are lost in sweat and urine

Question 12

Enzymes

Answer 12

specialized proteins that act as biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions

Question 13

Function of Digestive System

Answer 13

Digestion is the process of making food absorbable by dissolving it, and breaking it down into simpler chemical compounds.
This is done mainly through the action of enzymes (amylase) secreted into the alimentary canal (one long, continuous tube).

Question 14

Describe the 2 phases of digestion

Answer 14

1.Mechanical breakdown of the food into smaller pieces to increase the surface area.
Chew, tear, grind, mash, mix
2. Chemical breakdown
Enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

Question 15

peristalsis

Answer 15

Moves food bolus to stomach through involuntary muscle contractions

Question 16

Epiglottis

Answer 16

covers the end of the trachea when swallowing

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Question 17

Liver

Answer 17

Synthesis of bile (fat digestion)
Two lobes
Regulates body metabolism
Removes toxins from body
Excessive alcohol results in liver disease (Cirrhosis)

Question 18

Pancreas

Answer 18

Releases bicarbonate ions to neutralize chyme
Secretes enzymes: lipase, carbohydrase, protease, nuclease
Also secretes insulin to aid in glucose absorption in cells

Question 19

Gallbladder

Answer 19

Concentrates and stores bile received from liver
Sends bile through bile duct to duodenum to mix with chyme
Bile emulsifies (breaks down) fat and aids in lipid absorption

Question 20

External Respiration

Answer 20

Exchange of gases between alveoli and the blood
O2 diffuses INTO the organism (blood)
CO2 diffuses OUT of the organism (lungs)
The lung surface is LARGE and moist

Question 21

Internal Respiration

Answer 21

Exchange of gases between the blood in capillaries and individual cells
O2 diffuses INTO the cells
CO2 diffuses OUT of the cells

Internal respiration takes place in the tissues.
External respiration occurs in the lungs.

Question 22

Cellular Respiration

Answer 22

The breakdown of sugar molecules into usable energy molecules (ATP)
Occurs in the mitochondria
Requires the presence of O2
Results in the production of CO2

Question 23

Pharynx

Answer 23

Area at the back of the mouth that acts as a common path for both food and air
Branches into two pipes:
Esophagus: leads to stomach
Trachea: leads to lungs

Question 24

Larynx

Answer 24

Also known as the voice box
Made up of several pieces of cartilage
Sounds are produced by vibrations of the vocal cords and vibrations in the air as it passes through the larynx and out the mouth

Question 25

Cilia

Answer 25

sweep mucus and trapped particles up and out of the trachea

Question 26

Alveoli

Answer 26

The smallest bronchioles end in a cluster of tiny hollow air sacs - alveoli - where gas exchange takes place
The human lungs contain approximately 300 million alveoli!
Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries
The walls of the alveoli and capillaries are each only one cell thick

Question 27

Intercostal muscles

Answer 27

muscles between ribs

Question 28

what part of the brain controls breathing?

Answer 28

medulla oblongata

Question 29

Chemoreceptors

Answer 29

Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata detect CO2 levels in the blood

sense low pH and relay message to stimulate the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

When CO2 levels decrease, and blood pH is returned to normal, the chemoreceptors are inactivated

Question 30

Tidal volume

Answer 30

the amount of air that passes in and out of the lungs with each breath

Question 31

Total lung capacity

Answer 31

the maximum volume of air that can be held in the lungs

Question 32

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 32

After the normal tidal volume is exhaled, more air can be forcefully exhaled

Question 33

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 33

During a deep breath, an extra volume of air can be inhaled

Question 34

Vital Capacity

Answer 34

The maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the respiratory system is called the vital capacity; this value is always 1-1.5L LESS than the total lung capacity… WHY?
If the lungs became completely deflated, they would collapse
The 1-1.5L of air that always remains in the lungs is called the residual volume

Question 35

Four Main Functions of the circulatory system

Answer 35

Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Distribution of nutrients and wastes
Maintenance of body temperature
Circulation of hormones

Question 36

Structural Components of Circulatory System:

Answer 36

A fluid in which material is transported
Blood

A system of blood vessels or spaces through which the fluid moves
Veins, arteries, capillaries

A pump that pushes the fluid through the vessels or space
Heart

Question 37

Components of Blood

Answer 37

Blood is made in the bone marrow and stored in the spleen.

An average person has about 5L of blood circulating through his/her body
55% is made up of plasma liquid (water, proteins, solutes)
45% is made up of the following:
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
white blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 38

Plasma

Answer 38

A fluid medium in which solid blood components are transported
Contains a number of dissolved proteins and nutrients
Albumins
Determines how much water enters/leaves bloodstream
Globulins
Transport lipids, cholesterol, fat soluble minerals
Immunoglobulins helps fight diseases
Fibrinogens
Helps with blood clotting