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micrb 201 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Surface coating formed from repeating polysaccharide units

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2
Q

What is the slime layer?

A

A loosely formed layer around the cell that prevents water and nutrient loss

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3
Q

What is sporulation?

A

Spore formation induced by environmental conditions

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4
Q

What is a bacterial species?

A

A collection of bacterial cells which share an overall pattern of similar traits

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5
Q

What are mycoplasmas?

A

Cells that display extreme variations in shape due to a lack of cell walls

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6
Q

What is negative chemotaxis?

A

Movement of a cell away from a repellant and/or harmful compound

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7
Q

What conditions can endospores resist?

A

Heating, drying, freezing, radiation, chemicals

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8
Q

What are the three main life activities that bacteria carry out?

A

Reproduction, metabolism, nutrient processing

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9
Q

What is the S layer?

A

A layer composed of thousands of copies of a single protein that forms when cells need protection from hostile environments

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10
Q

What is the composition of the cytoplasm?

A

Water, mixture of sugars, amino acids, and salts, cell parts such as the chromatin body, ribosomes, granules, and cytoskeleton

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11
Q

What is the average size of a bacterial cell?

A

1 micrometer

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12
Q

What prefix indicates that bacteria are in groups of four?

A

Tetrad

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13
Q

What is a monotrichous flagellar arrangement?

A

Single flagellum

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14
Q

What is the stimulus for endospore formation?

A

Depletion of nutrients

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of bacterial chromosomes?

A

Single circular strand of DNA, aggregated in the nucleoid, tightly coiled around basic protein molecules

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16
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A unique macromolecule composed of glycan chains cross-linked with short peptide fragments

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17
Q

What conditions favor germination of an endospore?

A

Exposure to water and a germination agent

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18
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement in response to chemical signals

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19
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Small bristle-like fibers composed of protein that stick to each other and to surfaces

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20
Q

What are the functions of teichoic and lipoteichoic acid in the gram-positive cell wall?

A

Cell wall maintenance, enlargement during cell division, acidic charge on cell surface

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21
Q

What prefix indicates that bacteria are in irregular clusters?

A

Staphylo

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22
Q

What are porin proteins?

A

Proteins found in gram-negative bacteria that span the outer membrane and allow for penetration by relatively small molecules

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23
Q

What is a peritrichous flagellar arrangement?

A

Flagella dispersed randomly over the cell surface

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of a gram-negative cell envelope?

A

Outer membrane, thin cell wall, inner cytoplasmic membrane

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25
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Gelatinous solution contained by the cytoplasmic membrane

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26
Q

What is a lophotrichous flagellar arrangement?

A

Small bunches/tufts of flagella

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27
Q

What layers compose the cell envelope?

A

Cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and sometimes the outer membrane

28
Q

What are sarcina formations?

A

Cubical packets of 8, 16, or more cocci cells

29
Q

Why are endospores of medical significance?

A

They are resistant to ordinary cleaning methods and can frequently contaminate cultures, media, and other surfaces

30
Q

What are the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Energy reactions, nutrient processing, synthesis, regulate transport

31
Q

What is subspecies/strain/type?

A

Bacteria of the same species that have differing characteristics

32
Q

What is a polar flagellar arrangement?

A

Flagella at one or both ends of the cell

33
Q

What function do capsules serve for pathogenic bacteria?

A

Protect pathogenic bacteria against phagocytic white blood cells

34
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Nonessential pieces of DNA that confer protective traits

35
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another

36
Q

What is positive chemotaxis?

A

Movement of a cell in the direction of a favorable stimulus

37
Q

What is mycolic acid?

A

A long-chain fatty acid that contributes to the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium and makes them resistant to certain chemicals and dyes

38
Q

What is secretion?

A

The discharge of metabolic products into the extracellular environment

39
Q

What is an amphitrichous flagellar arrangement?

A

Flagella at both poles of the cell

40
Q

What is lipopolysaccharide?

A

A polysaccharide found in gram-negative bacteria that functions as a cell marker and receptor; can act as an endotoxin to stimulate fever and shock

41
Q

What are the three bacterial shapes?

A

Coccus, bacillus, and vibrio

42
Q

What are the characteristics of the bacterial cytoskeleton?

A

Long polymers of proteins, arranged in helical ribbons, contribute to cell shape

43
Q

How are bacteria and archaea different from eukaryotes?

A

Have nuclear material that is free in the cytoplasm and have no membrane-bound organelles

44
Q

What are the characteristics of a gram-positive cell envelope?

A

Thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, inner cytoplasmic membrane

45
Q

What formation do spirochetes typically form?

A

Individual cells

46
Q

What are the characteristics of mycoplasma cell membranes?

A

Stabilized by sterols, resistant to lysis

47
Q

What prefix indicates that bacteria are in pairs?

A

Diplo

48
Q

What characteristics do gram-negative bacteria have due to their thin cell walls?

A

Greater flexibility, higher sensitivity to lysis

49
Q

What is the role of pili and fimbriae?

A

To provide attachment

50
Q

What is a serotype?

A

Representatives of a species that stimulate a distinct pattern of antibody responses

51
Q

What is a sporangium?

A

A sporulating cell

52
Q

What are pili?

A

Long, rigid, tubular structures formed from pilin protein, found only in gram-negative bacteria, used in conjugation

53
Q

What are the two major groups of appendages?

A
  1. Flagella and axial filaments: motility

2. Fimbriae, pili, nanowires: attachment/channels

54
Q

What formation do spirilla bacteria typically form?

A

Short chains

55
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

Variations in size and shape among cells of a single species

56
Q

What is the capsule?

A

A more tightly bound, thicker, and denser protective layer than a slime layer

57
Q

What are palisade formations?

A

Partially attached chains of bacilli cells that can create side-by-side rows

58
Q

What is the defining characteristic of endospores?

A

Ability to withstand hostile conditions and facilitate survival

59
Q

What is a run?

A

Counterclockwise movement of flagella that leads to a cell swimming in a smooth, linear direction

60
Q

What is a tumble?

A

Flagellum reverses direction, causing cell to stop and change course

61
Q

What are the two phases of bacterial lifestyle?

A

Vegetative cell and endospore

62
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall?

A

Help determine bacterium shape, provide structural support to prevent cell from bursting or collapsing

63
Q

What prefix indicates that bacteria are in chains?

A

Strepto

64
Q

What are the two forms of bacterial groups?

A

Colonies and biofilms

65
Q

How does the outer membrane impact gram-negative bacteria?

A

Makes them resistant to some antimicrobial chemicals; makes them harder to inhibit/kill than gram-positive bacteria

66
Q

What are inclusion bodies?

A

Storage sites for nutrients during times of abundance

micrb 201 (15 decks)

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