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Biology Year 12 > 10 - Classification and evolution > Flashcards

10 - Classification and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is classification?

A

the process of arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences.

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2
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

the study of classification

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3
Q

How many taxonomic groups are there and what are they in order?

A

7

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

King Philip came over for good suck

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4
Q

What is a species?

A

The smallest and most specific taxonomic group.

A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce viable and fertile offspring.

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5
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms?

A
  • to identify species
  • to predict characteristics
  • to find evolutionary links
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6
Q

How do you use the binomial naming system?

A

Genus + species

Genus must be in capital

When handwritten, name must be underlined.

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7
Q

Advantages of the binomial naming system?

A

to avoid the confusion of using common names.

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8
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

PROKARYOTES:
- prokaryotae

EUKARYOTES:

  • protoctista
  • fungi
  • plantae
  • animalia
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9
Q

features of prokaryotae

A
  • prokaryotic
  • unicellular
  • no nucleus
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • ring of naked DNA
  • small ribosomes
  • nutrients absorbed through cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis.
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10
Q

features of protoctista

A
  • eukaryotic
  • mainly unicellular
  • nucleus present
  • membrane bound organelles present.
  • some have chloroplasts
  • some are autotrophic (photosynthesis)
  • some are heterotrophic (ingest other organisms).
  • some are both
  • some parasitic.
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11
Q

features of fungi

A
  • eukaryotic
  • unicellular/multicellular
  • no mechanisms for locomotion.
  • chitin cell wall
  • saprophytic feeders (absorb nutrients from dead/decaying organisms).
  • some are parasitic
  • glycogen food store.
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12
Q

features of plantae

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • chlorophyll
  • most do not move
  • autotrophic (produce their own food by photosynthesis).
  • starch food store
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13
Q

features of animalia

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • no chloroplast
  • no cell walls
  • nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • has mechanisms for locomotion (cilia, flagella, muscular organs).
  • heterotrophic feeders (nutrients absorbed by ingestion)
  • glycogen food store
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14
Q

what are heterotrophic feeders?

A

acquire nutrients by ingestion of other organisms

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15
Q

what are saprophytic feeders?

A
  • acquire nutrients from dead/decaying organisms.
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16
Q

what are autotrophic feeders?

A
  • they produce their own food e.g plants by photosynthesis.
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17
Q

What are domains?

A

a further level of classification at the top of the hierarchy.

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18
Q

Difference between kingdom and domain classification system?

A 
kingdom classification system:
- highest hierarchy is kingdom
- 5 kingdoms:
prokaryotae
protoctista
fungi
plantae
animalia
Domain classification system:
- highest hierarchy is domain
- 6 kingdoms:
eubacteria
archaebacteria
protoctista
plantae
fungi
animalia

in the 3 domain classification system, the prokaryotae kingdom is split into two: eubacteria and archaebacteria.

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19
Q

What are the three domains?

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eukarya

bacteria kingdoms:
- eubacteria

archaea kingdoms:
- archaebacteria

eukarya kingdoms:

  • protoctista
  • fungi
  • plantae
  • animalia
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20
Q

features of bacteria domain

A
  • 70s ribosomes

- RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins.

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21
Q

features of archaea domain

A
  • 70s ribosomes

- RNA polymerase contains 8-10 proteins

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22
Q

features of eukarya domain

A
  • 80s ribosomes

- RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins.

23
Q

What is archaebacteria

A
  • a kingdom in the 3 domain classification system

- bacteria that can live in extreme environments.

24
Q

What is eubacteria

A
  • a kingdom in the 3 domain classification system

- true bacteria, found in all environments and are the most common type of bacteria.

25
Q

Why do scientists use the three domain, 6 kingdom classification system over the five kingdom system?

A

archaebacteria have been found to be chemically different to eubacteria.

26
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

the evolutionary relationships between organisms

27
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

the study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms.

28
Q

Relationship between classification and phylogeny

A
  • classification can occur without any knowledge of phylogeny
  • however scientists want to develop a classification system that also correctly takes into account the phylogeny of an organism.
29
Q

What does a phylogenetic tree represent?

A

represents the evolutionary links between organisms.

The branches show that different species have evolved from a common ancestor.

30
Q

Advantages of phylogenetic classification?

A
  • phylogeny does not force scientists to put organisms into discrete taxonomical groups.
  • hierarchal nature of Linnaean classification implies that different groups within the same rank are equivalent.
31
Q

What evidence is there for the theory of evolution?

A
  • fossil
  • DNA evidence
  • molecular evidence (comparative biochemistry
32
Q

How are fossils evidence for evolution?

A
  • by arranging fossils in chronological order, gradual changes in organisms can be seen to provide evidence for evolution.
33
Q

How is DNA evidence for evolution?

A
  • evolution is caused by random mutations in the base sequence of an organism’s DNA.
  • similarities in base sequences of different species could indicate that they have a recent common ancestor.

eukaryotes have nuclear DNA as well as mitochondrial DNA which scientists can use to see relationships between organisms.

34
Q

How is comparative biochemistry evidence for evolution?

A
  • sequence of amino acids in proteins
  • antibodies
    are compared.

Organisms that have speciated more recently have more similar molecules, as less time has passed for changes in proteins and molecules to occur.

35
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A
  • the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different organisms.
36
Q

What are homologous structures? What kind of evolution does homologous structures provide evidence for?

A

structures that appears superficially different in different organisms, but have the same underlying structure.

e.g pentadactyl limbs.

homologous structures provide evidence for divergent evolution.

divergent evolution occurs when closely related species adapt to new habitats (migration or loss of habitat).

37
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

variation between individuals of a species.

38
Q

What is interspecific variaton?

A

variation between different species.

39
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

a characteristic that can take any value within a range.

e.g height, mass, width, length

mostly affected by genetic (a number of genes) and environmental factors.

40
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

A characteristic that can only result in discrete values.

e.g eye colour, sex, blood group, antibiotic resistance

mostly affected by genetic factors

41
Q

genetic causes of variation

A
  • different alleles
  • mutations in dna base sequence
  • meiosis
  • sexual reproduction

e.g a characteristic determined purely by genetic factors is blood group.

42
Q

environmental causes of variation

A
  • differences in the environment
  • climate, food, lifestyle
  • characteristics controlled by environmental factors can change over an organism’s life.

e.g scars, pierced ears, accents

43
Q

environmental and genetic causes of variation

A

in most cases, variation is causes my a combination of environmental and genetic factors.

e.g height: genes could determine your height, but diet or nutrient availability can affect height.

skin colour: genes could determine skin colour but being out in the sun could increase melanin production, making your skin darker.

44
Q

What are adaptations?

A

adaptations are characteristics that increase an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in its environment.

45
Q

What are anatomical adaptations?

A

structural features of an organism’s body which increases its chance of survival.

  • body covering
  • camouflage
  • teeth
  • mimicry
  • body shape (maybe streamlined shape)
  • blubber
  • thick waxy cuticle
  • curled/rolled leaves
  • sunken stomata
  • hairs on inside surface of leaves
46
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

ways an organism acts to increases its chance of survival.

  • survival behaviours: e.g possum plays dead.
  • courtship behaviours to attract a mate.
  • migration
  • hibernation
innate behaviour (inherited through genes)
learned behaviour (learnt from experience or observing other animals).
47
Q

What are physiological adaptations?

A

process that take place inside an organism to increase its chance of survival

  • poison production
  • antibiotic production
  • water holding
48
Q

convergent evolution definition

A

when unrelated species begin to share similar traits.

this may because the unrelated species evolved in similar environments but different areas in the world.

49
Q

Marsupial moles and placental moles

A

They are not closely related. They evolved independently in different continents. This is a great example of convergent evolution as they are not closely related but share similar traits as they evolved in similar environments.

  • burrow through soft soil
  • streamlined body shape
  • velvety fur
  • modified forelimbs
  • different colours though to match their own environment.
50
Q

what are selection pressures?

A

factors which affect an organism’s chance of survival

51
Q

relationship between phylogeny and classification

A
  • phylogeny is the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
  • phylogeny is used in classification.
  • the closer the evolutionary relationship, the closer the taxonomic grouping.
52
Q

Steps of natural selection

A
  • organisms within a species show variation caused by differences in their genes.
  • organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to a selection pressure survive and reproduce. Less-well adapted die and fail to reproduce.
  • successful organisms pass on the allele coding for the advantageous characteristic to their offspring.
  • over time the proportion of the population with the advantageous allele increases.
  • over many generations, this can lead to the evolution of a new species.

e.g peppered moths, rock pocket mouse

53
Q

natural selection and pesticide resistance in insects

A
  • there is variation in a population of insects
  • those who have the allele that codes for resistance to a particular pesticide survive and reproduce.
  • allele for resistance is passed onto offspring by successful organisms.
  • over time the insect population will evolve to have the allele for resistance.

crop infestations with pesticide-resistant insects are harder to control

54
Q

natural selection and drug resistance in pathogens

A
  • drug-resistant microorganisms are harder to treat especially if they are resistant to a number of different drugs.
  • if a pathogen becomes resistant to all available drugs, new drugs will have to be developed, which costs time and money.
  • e.g MRSA

Biology Year 12 (11 decks)

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