Students as Learners

Question 1

Constructivism

Answer 1

theorized that knowledge constructed by the learner through collaboration and real-world experiences is better understood

Question 2

Cognitive Processes (cognition)

Answer 2

the ability to apply new information to other settings and to draw conclusions; they include perception, attention, language, memory and thinking

Question 3

Transfer

Answer 3

when students use cognitive processes to make connections between contexts, learning is transferred and expanded

Question 4

Jerome Bruner

Answer 4

a constructivist theorist that contributed the three modes of representation (enactive stage, iconic stage, and the symbolic stage) to the field of cognitive development

Question 5

enactive stage

Answer 5

stage 1 of Bruner’s stages of cognitive development- the stage in which a child up to 1 year old is characterized by learning through action (muscle memory)

Question 6

iconic stage

Answer 6

stage 2 of Bruner’s stages of cognitive development- the stage in which a child between the ages of 1-6 is characterized by cognition through mental pictures

Question 7

symbolic stage

Answer 7

stage 3 of Bruner’s stages of cognitive development- the stage in which a children above the age of 7 are characterized by learning through language and other symbolic forms (i.e classifications)

Question 8

Teachers that followed Bruner’s theories

Answer 8

teach as a facilitator who promotes symbolic thinking and problem-solving that can be applied to a variety of situations

Question 9

Albert Bandura

Answer 9

a psychologist that developed the social learning theory

Question 10

Social learning theory

Answer 10

the theory that learning is a combination of cognition, behavior, and environment. Behavioral changes occur when the following four processes are present: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Question 11

John Dewey

Answer 11

a philosopher who viewed learning as a series of scientific inquiry and experimentation; he advocated real-world experiences and volunteerism
GOAL: equipping students to impact society by solving real-world challenges

Question 12

Jean Piaget

Answer 12

a psychologist that studied cognition in children and identified stages of development

Question 13

sensorimotor stage

Answer 13

stage of development between the ages of 0-2 where children develop the concept of object permanence. learning mostly by imitation and action.

Question 14

preoperational stage

Answer 14

stage of development between the ages of 2-7 where children begin to engage in symbolic play but do not have the ability to think abstractly or see another person’s perspective

Question 15

concrete operational stage

Answer 15

stage of development between the ages of 7-11 where children are more capable of thinking logically, making inferences, and viewing things from more than one perspective (able to classify)

Question 16

formal operational stage

Answer 16

stage of development between the ages of 11 to adulthood people are able to think abstractly, transfer knowledge, and mentally process information.

Question 17

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 17

founder of social development theory which revolved around the social influences that determine learning.

• more knowledgeable other (MKO)
• zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 18

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 18

philosopher that worked on the theories of moral development

Question 19

Benjamin Bloom

Answer 19

psychologist that contributed to the taxonomy of educational objectives and the theory of mastery learning. Bloom proposed increasing cooperation over competition.

Question 20

Mastery learning

Answer 20

learning that gives credit for success to hard work over innate talent

Question 21

Bloom’s taxonomy

Answer 21

a more holistic approach to education, providing for affect, psychomotor, and cognitive domains of learning

-asking questions and assigning tasks that are higher-level thinking

Question 22

Classical conditioning

Answer 22

neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflex response

-bell ringing

Question 23

Operant conditioning

Answer 23

a positive of negative stimuli becomes associated with a desired performance
-stickers for good behavior/punishment for bad

ineffective in the long term due to negative associations with failure

Question 24

metacognition

Answer 24

thinking about the learning process (skills students use to learn and make connections: ex. think-pair-share)

Question 25

extrinsic motivators

Answer 25

ex. praise, awards, positive phone calls

these are motivators found outside of the learning experience

Question 26

intrinsic motivators

Answer 26

ex. relevant learning activities, choice, competence, progress

these are motivators that are found within the learning experience

Question 27

schema

Answer 27

framework for understanding

Question 28

self-efficacy

Answer 28

when a person believes they are capable of achieving a learning goal by keeping students within their zone of proximal development

Question 29

scaffolding

Answer 29

a practice of breaking the curriculum up into smaller pieces and then providing support so that students can acquire mastery

Question 30

spiraling curriculum

Answer 30

introducing -> demonstrating -> practicing -> applying

this form of curriculum involves reteaching a concept multiple times throughout the year with steadily increasing levels of rigor and depth

Question 31

Preconventional stages

Answer 31

the first few stages of moral development where a child behaves because it is in their best interest

Question 32

Conventional stage

Answer 32

the mid-stages of moral development where a child conforms to societal expectations

Question 33

Postconventional stages

Answer 33

the last stages of moral development where the person is driven by their own ethics and morals even when it is not popular

Question 34

visual learners

Answer 34

learn through seeing (graphic organizers, map, images)

Question 35

auditory learners

Answer 35

learn through hearing and benefit from discussions and lectures

Question 36

kinesthetic learners

Answer 36

use action and manipulation of objects to solve problems and learn

Question 37

exceptionality

Answer 37

strength or weakness in academic functioning that requires extra attention to meet the needs of the student

Question 38

gifted and talented

Answer 38

students that typically have IQs over 130. Usually are divergent thinkers that benefit from differentiation using advanced curricula through inquiry-based learning

Question 39

speech disorders

Answer 39

students with speech disorders have difficulty forming words

Question 40

language disorders

Answer 40

students with this disorder have difficulty with comprehension

Question 41

Americans with Disabilities Act

Answer 41

prohibits discrimination based on disabilities and provides for modifications

Question 42

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Answer 42

provides guidelines to schools to help address the individual needs of special education students

Question 43

Individualized Education Plan (IEP)

Answer 43

any students identified as eligible for special services under IDEA must have a personalized education plan that is developed each year

Question 44

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act

Answer 44

provides services to all students in federally assisted programs who have physical or mental impairments that substantially limit one or more life activities. Identification comes form multiple sources.

Question 45

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974

Answer 45

the right of students that prevent schools from sharing identifiable information about students. It also gives families the right to review their academic records to request ammendments

Question 46

Every Student Succeeds Act

Answer 46

change federal mandates of testing to be up to the state

Question 47

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Answer 47

Gender rights. protects students against gender discrimination in all federally funded education programs, including colleges that receive federal funding

Question 48

McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act

Answer 48

provides services such as transportation to a child’s home school or enrollment without appropriate documentation, for students who do not have a consistent home

Question 49

accomodation

Answer 49

give student access to the same curriculum as their grade-level peers but information is presented in a different way or access to additional resources is given (time, calculator, large print)

Question 50

modification

Answer 50

changes made to the curriculum or environment because students are so far behind that they are unable to progress using the same curriculum

Question 51

Edward Thorndike

Answer 51

founded operant conditioning (positive/negative stimulus for response) learners will be resistant to learning before they are ready. they must practice to build on the learning or risk weakening the understanding of that content

Question 52

John Watson

Answer 52

coined behaviorism which was objectively researching behavior in response to stimuli (the evil guy that made babies scared of Santa Claus by conducting unethical experiments)

Question 53

Abraham Maslow

Answer 53

developed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which he theorized to be the unconscious desires of that motivate people

basic survival needs -> safety needs -> love/belonging -> self-esteem needs -> self-actualization

Question 54

B.F Skinner

Answer 54

Behaviorist that believed that learning happens through self-paces learning activities and provides rewards for success. Reinforcement must be part of learning behavior

Question 55

cognitive dissonance

Answer 55

when a student has conflicting thoughts and therefore feels uneasy