Kuno

Question 0

Two functional perspectives

Answer 0

Empathy perspective

Direct discourse perspective

Question 1

Topic of paper

Answer 1

Empathy and direct discourse directives

Question 2

Empathy perspective

Answer 2

Speaker takes position that places him/her closer to one entity than another

John hit Bill.                   
          Bill was hit by John.
John hit his roommate. 
          Bill was hit by his roommate.
Bill's roommate hit him.
        ??  John's roommate was hit by him.

Question 3

Empathy / degree of empathy

Answer 3

Speakers identification w/ person/thing that participates in event or state describes in sentence

Degree of empathy with x
E(x) ranges 1 to 0
1= total empathy
0= no empathy/identification

Question 4

Descriptor empathy hierarchy

EH = empathy hierarchy

Answer 4

Entity dependent on other entity less degree of empathy

E(x)>E(f(x))

Question 5

Surface structure EH

Answer 5

Easier to empathize with referent of the subject than any other NP in the sentence.

E(subject)>E(other NPs)

Question 6

Topic empathy hierarchy

Answer 6

Given an event or state that involves A and B such that A is coreferential with the topic of the present discourse and B is not, it is easier for the speaker to empathize with A than with B

E(topic) > E(nontopic)
E(A) > E(B)

Question 7

Speech act empathy hierarchy

Answer 7

Speaker cannot empathize with someone else more than self.

E(speaker)> E(others)

Question 8

Humanness empathy hierarchy

Answer 8

More difficult for speaker to empahize with non-human animate object than with human, and more difficult to empathize with inanimate object than with animate object

E(human)>E(non-human animate)>E(inanimate)

Question 9

Transitivity of empathy relationships

Answer 9

Empathy relationships are transitive

Question 10

Ban on conflicting empathy foci

Answer 10

A single sentence cannot contain logical conflicts in empathy relationships

Question 11

Markedness principle for discourse rule violations

Answer 11

Sentences that contain marked (or intentional) violations of discourse principles are unacceptable. On other hand, sentences that involve unmarked (or unintentional) violations of discourse principles go in penalized and ar acceptable.

Question 12

Bill’s roommate hit him.

Kuno’s account

Answer 12

Descriptor EH: use of bill shows greater empathy than bill’s roommate
Surface structure EH: empathy w/referent of subject should be greater - logical conflict b/w empathy relationships

Created non-intentionally
Subcategorization requirement of transitive verb hit

Question 13

John’s roommate was hit by him.

Kuno’s account

Answer 13

Descriptor EH:
E(John)>E(Johns roommate bill)
Surface structure EH:
E(subject=Johns roommate bill)>E(him John)

Violation created by speakers intentional use of marked construction

Question 14

A. Then I hit John.
B. Then John was hit by me.

Kuno’s account

Answer 14

A.  Speech act EH: 
E(speaker=I)>E(John)
Surface structure EH:
E(subject=I)>E(nonsubject=John)
No conflict

B.  speech act EH
E(speaker=I)>E(John)
Surface structure EH:  E(John)>E(me=speaker)
Conflict created intentionally
Penalty

Question 15

A. Mary had quite an experience at the party. She slapped a drunken reporter.

B. Mary had quite an experience at the party. A drunken reporter was slapped by her.

Kuno’s account (second sentence in both)

Answer 15

A. SSEH: E(she=Mary)>E(reporter)
Topic EH: E(she=Mary>E(reporter)
No conflict

B. SSEH: E(reporter)>E(she)
Topic EH: E(she)>E(reporter)
Conflict intentionally created by optional use of passive

Question 16

Mary had quite an experience at the party.
A. She met a NYTimes reporter.
B. a NYTimes reporter met her.
C. A NYTimes reporter asked her about her job.

Answer 16

Meet is reciprocal verb. Ask isn’t.