The Respiraratory, Circulatory, Immune Systems Flashcards
Major Functions of the respiratory system
oxygen delivery/CO2 expel
prepare the air, by warming, moistening, cleaning
thermoregulation via evaporation of water during panting
function of the different structures of the respiratory system
nasal cavity - contains, nasal hairs, cilia and mucous secreted by goblet cells for immune function; capillaires warm the air
pharnyx - passageway for food and air
larynx - contains the vocal cords
trachea- contains mucous and cilia to collect particulate matter - immune function
bronchi, briochiole - branching to inccrease surgace area for gas exchange
aveoli - gas exchange
what protein is responsible for the elasticity of the alveoli? What type of energy does it store?
elastin - elastic potential energy
what type of cells/tissue lines gas exchanging surfaces?
simple squamous epithelium
T/F Alveoli contain cilia and mucus covering to protect against inhaled particiles
F. A mucus covering would be disadvantageous for gas exchange. Alveolar cells contain macrophages that engulf foreign particles
what type of cells/tissue lines gas exchanging surfaces?
simple squamous epithelium .called type 1 alveolar cells in the lungs
what brain structure controls breathing
medulla oblongata
How are inhalation/exhalation powered?
inhalation: ATP , exhalation: elastic potential energy
surfactant
function:
secreted by:
soapy substance of phospholipids, proteins and ions that coats the alveoli,
secreted by fat (cuboidal) epithelial cells
function: reduce the surface tension caused by fluid that coats the interior of alveoli
partial pressure
the pressure exerted by a gas in an indvidual mixture
Daltons Law Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P2…
mole fraction of a gas Pgas1 = xsubi (Ptotal)
Fick’s Law
governs the rate at which gas diffuses across the membrane. states that the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the surface area and differential partial pressure across the membrane
Henry’s Law
amount of gas that can be dissolved into a liquid (the concentration) is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas in equilibrium with the liquid
C = P x solubility
Fick’s Law
governs the rate at which gas diffuses across the membrane. states that the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the surface area and differential partial pressure across the membrane. inversely related to thickness of the membrane
hemoglobin structure and function
organic cofactor composed of 4 polypeptide subunits. each subunit has an iron atom that can reversibly bind with one O2 molecule. the subunits binding of oxygen exhibits the phenomenon cooperativity.
describe and explain the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve
sigmoidal due to cooperativity of the 4 subunits . the curve demonstrates oxygen affinity of hemoglobin at a given partial pressure
what conditions can affect oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. describe how these change the oxygen dissociation curve.
- cooperativity -
- presence of competitors. CO2. CO2 buildup in the blood as byproduct of metabolism –> increased concentration of hydrogen ions because CO2 reacts with H2O to create carbonic acid which can dissociate releasing a H+ ion. Both CO2 and H+ can bind allosterically to deoxygenated hemoglobin causing a change in conformation that decreases affinity for oxygen (right shift of the oxygen dissocation curve) called Bohr shift for H+
- temperature - increasing temperature decreases hemoglobin affinity for oxygen (associated with increased metabolic needs, thus increased need for oxygen to the tissues) . right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve
myoglobin
single chained protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells. does not exhibit cooperativity
what conditions can affect oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. describe how these change the oxygen dissociation curve.
- cooperativity -
- presence of noncompetitive inhibitors. CO2. CO2 buildup in the blood as byproduct of metabolism –> increased concentration of hydrogen ions because CO2 reacts with H2O to create carbonic acid which can dissociate releasing a H+ ion. Both CO2 and H+ can bind allosterically to deoxygenated hemoglobin causing a change in conformation that decreases affinity for oxygen (right/downward shift of the oxygen dissocation curve) called Bohr shift for H+
- temperature - increasing temperature decreases hemoglobin affinity for oxygen (associated with increased metabolic needs, thus increased need for oxygen to the tissues) . right/downward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve
- 2,3 DPG (BPG) - binds allosterically to deoxygenated hemoglobin in response to low oxygen conditions
- CO - competitive inhibitor. 200 times greater affinity than O2. decreases percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin but increases oxygen affinity of available hemoglobin. pure oxygen can be administered to displace CO
oxygen pressure is typically __ mmHg in body tissues
40 mmHg. This is lower than in the lungs
the formation of bicarbonate ions in the blood is catalyzed by what enzyme? where is the enzyme found? know the reversible reaction equation and what conditions affect the direction of the reaction
carbonic anhydrase
found in erythrocytes
CO2+ H2O –>
there is a higher/lower concentration of CO2 in the tissues than in the blood
higher - as metabolic waste product
oxygen pressure is typically __ mmHg in body tissues and deixygenated blood. typically ___ mmHg in oxygenated blood
40 mmHg. This is lower than in the lungs
100 mm Hg in the lungs
describe how breathing rate and oxygen/CO2 concentration are monitored
breathing rate is controlled by the medulla with input from central chemical receptors and peripheral chemoreceptors (in the carotid artery and aorta) that monitor the concentration of CO2 and O2. Nervous system has high sensitivity to CO2 ( low pH due to high H+ levels can be dangerous) but low sensitivity to O2.
How does nitrogen react in the blood?
it doesnt/ nitrogen is stable due to its triple bond and therefore diffuses into the blood but does not react. .loi87
How does nitrogen react in the blood?
it doesnt/ nitrogen is stable due to its triple bond and therefore diffuses into the blood but does not react.
primary functions of blood
transport respiratory gases
transport nutrients, waste, hormones
thermoregulation
what type of tissue is blood
connective tissue - contains cells and a matrix
3 main components of blood
plasma
buffy coat (wbcs)
rbcs