1.02

Question 1

What are the 7 principles of the NHS

Answer 1

1. Comphrensive Service
2. Universal Access
3. Free at the point of use
4. Quality of Care
5. Patient-Centred Care
6. Public Accountability
7. Partnership

Question 2

What are the branches of NHS

Answer 2

1. NHS England
2. NHS trust
3. Clinical Commissioning Group
4. Intergrated Care Systems
5. Public Health England
6. NHS. Foundation Trust
7. GP
8. Specialised Service
9. NHS digital
10. NHS improvement

Question 3

What is NHS England

Answer 3

Oversee budget, planning and delivery of healthcare in England. Sets priorities and direction for NHS

Question 4

What is NHS Trusts

Answer 4

provide healthcare
- Acute - hospital service including emergency, surgeries and specialised treatment
- Mental Health - provide care and support for patients with mental health conditions
-Community - deliver service in community. Eg nursing, rehabilitation and support for long term condition

Question 5

What is Clinical Commissioning Group

Answer 5

planning and commissioning healthcare at local level but being replaced by Intergrated Care Systems

Question 6

What is Integrated Care System

Answer 6

promote collabs between different organisations eg NHS trusts,local authorities and community services

Question 7

What is Public Health England

Answer 7

protect and improve nation’s health and wellbeing, addressing public health issues and responding to health emergencies

Question 8

What is NHS Foundation Trust

Answer 8

self-governing organisations that provide hospital and community services, giving more autonomy in DM and financial management

Question 9

What is GP

Answer 9

primary care providers that are first point of contact for patients, offering a range of services from check ups to managing chronic illness

Question 10

What is specialised Service

Answer 10

provided for specific medical condition or complex cases requiring MDT and specialised facilities

Question 11

What is NHS Digital

Answer 11

focuses on digital transformation of healthcare services, managing health data and information systems

Question 12

What is NHS improvement

Answer 12

Works to support NHS organisations in delivering high-quality care and improving services

Question 13

What is primary care

Answer 13

• GP
• Community pharmacies - offer health advice, medications and minor ailments
• Dental Services - oral healthcare and treatments

Question 14

What is Secondary care

Answer 14

• Acute Hospitals - deliver specialised medical services eg emergency care, surgeries and maternity care
• Outpatient service - specialist consultation and follow up care without hospital admission

Question 15

What is tertiary care

Answer 15

specialised services that deal with complex medical conditions often provided in specialist hospitals eg cancer treatment

Question 16

What is observational study

Answer 16

Investigator does not control which subjects receive treatment

Question 17

What are key aspects of observational study

Answer 17

1. No intervention
2. Data collection: various methods eg surveys, interviews
3. Causation vs correlation - can not establish cause and effect due to potential confounding variables

Question 18

What are the types of observational studies

Answer 18

Cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, nest case-control and ecological

Question 19

Reasons for carrying out observational study

Answer 19

Cheap
Quick
Ethical
Wide range of disease causes can be investigated
Generate new hypotheses for later experimental studies

Question 20

What is cross sectional study

Answer 20

Analyses data from pop at specific point in time
Measure prevalence of disease

Question 21

Key features of cross sectional

Answer 21

1. Snapshot in time - data collected at one point providing insight of the situation being studied
2. Population based - sample that has larger pop to allow generalisation of findings
3. Descriptive Analysis - prevalence of conditions making them useful for identifying associations between variables
4. No causation → only correlation

Question 22

What is case control

Answer 22

Compares occurrence of possible causes in cases and in controls
Collect data on disease occurrence at 1 point in time and exposures at previous point
Match based on age gender and deprivation
Take newest cases

Question 23

Key aspects of case control

Answer 23

1. Retrospective design - often look back in time to identify risk factors or disease
2. Exposure assessment → assess risk factor in both groups to determine significant differences that may explain disease
3. Odds Ratio - stats measure used → compares odds of exposure among cases to odds of exposure among controls

Question 24

What is cohort

Answer 24

• Follows group of individual over a time to assess development of specific outcomes
• group of individuals is selected before their disease status is known
• best information about causation
• Useful to understand relationship between exposures and later health outcomes

Question 25

Key aspects of Cohort

Answer 25

1. Prospective or. Retrospective 2. Group comparison - classified into subgroups according to exposure to potential cause of disease outcome for comparison 3. Longitudinal design - track patients over an extended period 4. Incidence and Risk calculation - incidence of a condition in different exposure groups providing insights into risk factors 5. Causation inference - control for confounding variables to strengthen conclusion

Question 26

What is nest case-control

Answer 26

Case-control study conducted within the context of a larger cohort study

Question 27

Key aspects oof nest case control

Answer 27

1. Integration with a cohort - predefined cohort that has been followed over time → cases identified from cohort 2. Case selection - 3. Controls -. Often matched to cases based on factors eg age 4. Retrospective - looks back at exposures. That occurred before outcome 5. Cost effective - data only collected for selected cases and controls

Question 28

What are ecological studies

Answer 28

- examine mean outcome and mean exposure at an area level - maybe a region but also collection of locations - useful indications of health issues that have been further investigated using other study design - relatively easy and cheap - these studies are vulnerable to ecological fallacy

Question 29

Define ecological fallacy

Answer 29

- an association between groups that is not true for individuals - concepts of bias

Question 30

Types of probabilistic sampling

Answer 30

simple random, systematic sampling, stratified and complex

Question 31

Types of non-probabilistic

Answer 31

accidental/convenience purposive - you choose quota - given population, snowball - subjects tell you about other subjects

Question 32

Equation for crude mortality

Answer 32

No of deaths/all population

Question 33

Case fatality rate

Answer 33

No of deaths cond x/ no of people with cond x

Question 34

Equation for standardised mortality Ratio

Answer 34

Observed mortality/expected mortality

Question 35

Which is a standardised ratio useful

Answer 35

Allow comparison