102 Cell Biology

Question 1

What is it called when organisms only have one cell?

Answer 1

Unicellular

Question 2

What is “cytology” ?

Answer 2

The study of cells

Question 3

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 3

Organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus

Question 4

What is the diameter for eukaryotic cells?

Answer 4

10-20μm

Question 5

What are the ESSENTIAL Oral Cell Types?

Answer 5

1) Osteoblasts
2) Osteoclasts
3) Fibroblasts
4) Ameleoblasts
5) Odontoblasts

Question 6

Which oral cell type is involved with the building of bone?

Answer 6

Osteoblasts

Question 7

Which oral cell type is involved in enamel formation?

Answer 7

Ameleoblasts

Question 8

What do osteoclasts do?

Answer 8

“Crumbles” breaks down bone

Question 9

Which oral cell type is responsible for forming dentine?

Answer 9

Odontoblasts

Question 10

What are some structural features of nerve cells?

Answer 10

1) Surface that is sensitive to stimuli
2) Long Extensions

Question 11

What are some structural features of muscle cells?

Answer 11

1) Elongated, threadlike
2) Contain tiny fibres that slide together forcefully

Question 12

What are some functions of nerve cells?

Answer 12

1) Can detect changes in internal or external environment.
2) Transmit nerve impulses from one part of the body to another.

Question 13

What are the four macromolecules?

Answer 13

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids

Question 14

What elements are carbohydrates composed of?

Answer 14

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)

Question 15

What are sugars and some examples of them?

Answer 15

Sugars are simple carbohydrates.
Includes glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose.

Question 16

Sugars may be polymerised into larger molecules called…?

Answer 16

Polysaccharides. E.g. glycogen, starch, cellulose.

Question 17

What are proteins and what are they composed of?

Answer 17

Proteins are polymers of AMINO ACIDS.
They are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur, (Selenium).

Question 18

How many common amino acids are there?

Answer 18

20 amino acids!

Question 19

How many ESSENTIAL amino acids are there?

Answer 19

9 (must obtain from food!)

Question 20

What are short polymers of amino acids called?

Answer 20

Peptides

Question 21

What are long polymers of amino acids called?

Answer 21

Proteins

Question 22

Amino acid side chains may be…?

Answer 22

• Charged
• Uncharged
  -Polar/Hydrophilic
  -Non-Polar/Hydrophobic

Question 23

What is Glycogen?

Answer 23

Glycogen is a large branded polymer of glucose.
It is the main energy storage molecule of animals.

Question 24

What are enzymes?

Answer 24

Enzymes are the macromolecules that actually DO things - all enzymes are proteins.

Question 25

Why are enzymes called “chemical catalysts”?

Answer 25

Because they promote or accelerate specific chemical reactions.

Question 26

How is energy provided to enzymes?

Answer 26

Through the substrate or ATP.

Question 27

What does the suffix “-ase” refer to? What are some examples of this?

Answer 27

-ase usually used for enzymes. E.g. proteinase = enzyme that breaks down protein. Lipase = enzyme that breaks down lipids/fats. Amylase = enzyme that breaks down starch.

Question 28

What does the suffix “-ose” refer to? What are some examples of this?

Answer 28

-ose refers to sugar. E.g. hexose = 6-carbon (hexacarbon) sugar like glucose, fructose (-ose from fruit)

Question 29

What does the suffix “-some” refer to? What are some examples of this?

Answer 29

-some refers to a cellular entity with a function. E.g. lysosome = cellular organelle that destroys foreign particles.

Question 30

What is the chemical functional group for -OH?

Answer 30

Hydroxyl group (H = hydrogen, O = oxygen)

Question 31

What is the chemical function group for -COOH?

Answer 31

Carboxyl group (acids and lipids/fats)

Question 32

What is the chemical functional group for -SH?

Answer 32

Sulphydryl (thiol) group - sulphur instead of oxygen.

Question 33

What is the chemical function group for -PO4?

Answer 33

Phosphate group (P = phosphorus + 3-4 oxygens)

Question 34

What is the chemical functional group for -NH2?

Answer 34

Amino group (N = nitrogen)

Question 35

What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?

Answer 35

ATP is the common energy currency of cells.

Question 36

Where is energy stored?

Answer 36

Energy is stored in the high-energy bonds linking the phosphate molecules. As the terminal phosphate bond is broken, energy is provided to the enzyme.

Question 37

What are lipids composed of?

Answer 37

Lipids are composed of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O).

Question 38

What are the two components in a phospholipid?

Answer 38

A phosphate head group - Hydrophilic And a lipid tail - Hydrophobic

Question 39

What are the two principal molecules in nucleic acids?

Answer 39

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Question 40

What is the largest biomolecule?

Answer 40

DNA!

Question 41

What are nucleotides composed of?

Answer 41

Nucleotides are composed of a S-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) attached to a nitrogenous base.

Question 42

What are the four constituent bases of nucleic acids?

Answer 42

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Pyrimidine-cytosine (C), Thymine (T).

Question 43

How many genes does the human genome have?

Answer 43

20, 500 genes

Question 44

The flow of sequential information from gene to protein and never backward

Answer 44

The Central Dogma DNA ➡️ RNA ➡️ Protein

Question 45

What is it called when not every gene is switched on at the same time?

Answer 45

“Mosaics”

Question 46

What are lysosomes and where are they found?

Answer 46

Lysosomes are part of the cells immune system. Only found in cells that are involved in destroying stuff.

Question 47

What is endocytosis?

Answer 47

A process by which foreign objects are taken out.

Question 48

What is another name for the Cytoplasmic Membrane?

Answer 48

Cell or Plasma Membrane

Question 49

How thick is the Cytoplasmic Membrane?

Answer 49

Approx. 7.5nm thick

Question 50

What does the cytoplasmic membrane do?

Answer 50

Separates cytoplasm from surrounding environment and maintains integrity of cell. Also controls energy and exit of molecules in and out of the cell.

Question 51

What is the role of the membrane proteins?

Answer 51

Membrane proteins control movement of molecules across membrane (specificity). They interact with extra cellular molecules such as hormones (receptors). Bind the cell to neighbouring cell.

Question 52

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 52

Cytoplasm is a water-based, gel-like substance containing many different proteins and other molecules suspended in cytosol.

Question 53

Organelles can be both…?

Answer 53

Membranous or Non-Membranous

Question 54

What are the two types Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Answer 54

- Smooth ER: lipid synthesis - Rough (ribosomes) ER: protein synthesis

Question 55

What are the cells protein factories?

Answer 55

Ribosomes

Question 56

What are ribosomes composed of?

Answer 56

RNA and Protein

Question 57

What is the subunit for bacterial ribosomes?

Answer 57

70S (50S + 30S)

Question 58

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 58

Membranous organelle composed of stacked cisternae (sacs)

Question 59

Where is the Golgi Apparatus located?

Answer 59

Usually near the nucleus.

Question 60

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 60

Functions to further “process” and “package” proteins for secretion (export).

Question 61

A membranous organelle also known as the “power station of the cell”.

Answer 61

Mitochondria

Question 62

How many membranes are present in the mitochondria?

Answer 62

TWO! Inner membrane and outer membrane.

Question 63

What are proteasomes and where are they found?

Answer 63

Proteasomes are hollow proteinaceous "drums" (non-membranous) found in nucleus and cytoplasm.

Question 64

What is the role of proteasomes?

Answer 64

Proteasomes destroy unwanted proteins.